Author Archives: James Carroll

30 abstracts for you to review including: LLLT before eccentric exercise reduces muscle damage, LLLT reduces limb volume, increases shoulder mobility and grip strength in patients with postmastectomy lymphedema, and a case report on LLLT for ’extrusive luxation” (traumatic displaced teeth).

Low level laser therapy before eccentric exercise reduces muscle damage markers in humans.

Baroni BM, Leal Junior EC, De Marchi T, Lopes AL, Salvador M, Vaz MA

Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750-Bairro Jardim Botanico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil, bmbaroni@yahoo.com.br.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) treatment before knee extensor eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage. Thirty-six healthy men were randomized in LLLT group (n = 18) and placebo group (n = 18). After LLLT or placebo treatment, subjects performed 75 maximal knee extensors eccentric contractions (five sets of 15 repetitions; velocity = 60 degrees seg(-1); range of motion = 60 degrees ). Muscle soreness (visual analogue scale-VAS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) levels were measured prior to exercise, and 24 and 48 h after exercise. Muscle function (maximal voluntary contraction-MVC) was measured before exercise, immediately after, and 24 and 48 h post-exercise. Groups had no difference on kineanthropometric characteristics and on eccentric exercise performance. They also presented similar baseline values of VAS (0.00 mm for LLLT and placebo groups), LDH (LLLT = 186 IU/l; placebo = 183 IU/l), CK (LLLT = 145 IU/l; placebo = 155 IU/l) and MVC (LLLT = 293 Nm; placebo = 284 Nm). VAS data did not show group by time interaction (P = 0.066). In the other outcomes, LLLT group presented (1) smaller increase on LDH values 48 h post-exercise (LLLT = 366 IU/l; placebo = 484 IU/l; P = 0.017); (2) smaller increase on CK values 24 h (LLLT = 272 IU/l; placebo = 498 IU/l; P = 0.020) and 48 h (LLLT = 436 IU/l; placebo = 1328 IU/l; P < 0.001) post-exercise; (3) smaller decrease on MVC immediately after exercise (LLLT = 189 Nm; placebo = 154 Nm; P = 0.011), and 24 h (LLLT = 249 Nm; placebo = 205 Nm; P = 0.004) and 48 h (LLLT = 267 Nm; placebo = 216 Nm; P = 0.001) post-exercise compared with the placebo group. In conclusion, LLLT treatment before eccentric exercise was effective in terms of attenuating the increase of muscle proteins in the blood serum and the decrease in muscle force.

Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 Jul 3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20602109

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Treatment of Post-Mastectomy Lymphedema with Laser Therapy: Double Blind Placebo Control Randomized Study.

Ahmed Omar MT, El Morsy AM, Abd-El-Gayed Ebid A

Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo, Egypt. Member of International Panel of Advisory Board for Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy.

BACKGROUND: In post-mastectomy patients, lymphedema has the potential to become a permanent progressive condition and become extremely resistant to treatment. Thus, it can results in function impairment and decrease quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on limb volume, shoulder mobility, and hand grip strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty women with breast cancer-related lymphedema were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to active laser (n = 25) and placebo (n = 25) groups and received irradiation with Ga-As laser device that had wavelength of 904 nm, power of 5 mW, and spot size of 0.2 cm(2) over the axillary and arm areas, three times a week for 12 wk. The total energy applied at each point was 300 mjoules over seven points, giving a dosage of 1.5 joules/cm(2) in the active group. The placebo group received placebo therapy in which the laser had been disabled without affecting its apparent function. Limb circumference, shoulder mobility, and grip strength were measured before treatment and at 4, 8, and 12 wk. RESULTS: The two groups had similar parameters at baseline. The reduction of limb volume tended to decline in both groups. The trend being more significantly pronounced in active LLLT group than placebo at 8 and 12 wk, respectively (P < 0.05). Goniometric data for shoulder mobility and hand grip strength were statistically significance for LLLT group than for placebo. CONCLUSION: Laser treatment was found to be effective in reducing the limb volume, increase shoulder mobility, and hand grip strength in approximately 93% of patients with postmastectomy lymphedema.

J Surg Res 2010 Apr 18

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20538293

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Low-level laser therapy effects in traumatized permanent teeth with extrusive luxation in an orthodontic patient.

Gorur I, Orhan K, Can-Karabulut DC, Orhan AI, Ozturk A

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.

The aim of this case report was to present and evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy on traumatized permanent teeth with extrusive luxation in an orthodontic patient. The treatment and follow-up evaluation of two orally luxated maxillary permanent central incisors in a 19-year-old man is described. Detailed anamnesis was taken, and extraoral, intraoral, radiographic examinations and electrical and thermal pulpal tests were performed to determine the type of the luxation and the further treatment protocol. Teeth were splinted with composite resin, and antibiotic therapy was prescribed. Low-level laser therapy was applied for 25 sessions. No root canal treatment was applied to the teeth. Continuation of the orthodontic treatment was restarted after 6 months. No sign of clinical or radiographic pathology was detected after 2 years from the end of the treatment. Teeth were identified healthy and sound without any root canal intervention. Treatments with low-level laser applications may be evaluated as noninvasive alternative treatment options in comparison with endodontic treatment for teeth with extrusive luxation more than 2 mm, especially for those who have orthodontic treatment needs.

Angle Orthod 2010 Sep 80(5) 968-74

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20578871

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[Application of low-intensive laser irradiation in the treatment of perforative gastroduodenal ulcers]

Comparative analysis of results of surgical treatment, performed for perforative gastroduodenal ulcers in the patients, lacking H. pylori (control group) and owing this etiologic factor (main group), was conducted. Together with other conventional schemes of medicinal treatment in the early postoperative period a low-intensive irradiation of He-Ne laser was applied. Complete eradication of H. pylori was noted in 95.8% patients of the main group. In a late follow-up period (in 1-5 yrs observation terms) the frequency of recurrence, hemorrhage, pyloroduodenal stenosis and other surgical complications, occurring in the main group, was lesser than in a control one.

Klin Khir 2010 May (5) 15-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20623972

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Lung tissue regeneration after induced injury in Runx3 KO mice.

Lee JM, Kwon HJ, Bae SC, Jung HS

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 project, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.

Runx3 is essential for normal murine lung development, and Runx3 knockout (KO) mice, which die soon after birth, exhibit alveolar hyperplasia. Wound healing, tissue repair, and regeneration mechanisms are necessary in humans for proper early lung development. Previous studies have reported that various signaling molecules, such as pErk, Tgf-ss1, CCSP, pJnk, Smad3, and HSP70 are closely related to wound healing. In order to confirm the relationship between lung defects caused by the loss of function of Runx3 and wound healing, we have localized various wound-healing markers after laser irradiation in wild-type and in Runx3 KO mouse lungs at post-natal day 1. Our results indicate that pERK, Tgf-beta1, CCSP, pJnk, and HSP70 are dramatically down-regulated by loss of Runx3 during lung wound healing. However, Smad3 is up-regulated in the Runx3 KO laser-irradiated lung region. Therefore, the lung wound-healing mechanism is inhibited in the Runx3 KO mouse, which shows abnormal lung architecture, by reduced pErk, Tgf-beta1, CCSP, pJnk, and HSP70 and by induced Smad3.

Cell Tissue Res 2010 Jul 11

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20623301

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Photostimulation of Phox2b Medullary Neurons Activates Cardiorespiratory Function in Conscious Rats.

Kanbar R, Stornetta RL, Cash DR, Lewis SJ, Guyenet PG

Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.

RATIONALE: Hypoventilation is typically treated with positive pressure ventilation or, in extreme cases, by phrenic nerve stimulation. This preclinical study explores whether direct stimulation of central chemoreceptors could be used as an alternative method to stimulate breathing. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether activation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) which is located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) stimulates breathing with appropriate selectivity. METHODS: A lentivirus was used to induce expression of the photoactivatable cationic channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) by RVLM Phox2b-containing neurons, a population that consists of central chemoreceptors (the ccRTN neurons) and blood-pressure regulating neurons (the C1 cells). The transfected neurons were activated with pulses of laser light. Respiratory effects were measured by plethysmography or diaphragmatic EMG recording and cardiovascular effects by monitoring blood pressure (BP), renal sympathetic nerve discharge (rSND) and the baroreflex. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The RVLM contained 600-900 ChR2-transfected neurons (63% C1, 37% ccRTN). RVLM photostimulation significantly increased breathing rate (+42 %), tidal volume (21%), minute volume (68%) and peak expiratory flow (48%). Photostimulation increased diaphragm EMG amplitude (19%) and frequency (21%). Photostimulation increased BP (4 mmHg) and rSND (43%) while decreasing heart rate (15 bpm). CONCLUSIONS: Photostimulation of ChR2-transfected RVLM Phox2b neurons produces a vigorous stimulation of breathing accompanied by a small sympathetically-mediated increase in BP. These results demonstrate that breathing can be relatively selectively activated in resting unanesthetized mammals via optogenetic manipulation of RVLM neurons presumed to be central chemoreceptors. This methodology could perhaps be used in the future to enhance respiration in man.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 Jul 9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20622037

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Emg analysis after laser acupuncture in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Implications for practice.

Hotta PT, Hotta TH, Bataglion C, Bataglion SA, de Souza Coronatto EA, Siessere S, Regalo SC

Ribeirao Preto Dental School/ Sao Paulo University, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of low level laser applied to acupuncture points of patients diagnosed with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Ten patients aged between 20 and 50 years were clinically examined with regard to pain and dysfunction of the masticatory system. They received laser applications (GaAlAs diode laser, 780 nm wavelength; 70 mW power output, 35 j/cm(2)) in acupuncture specific points (Ig4, C3, E6, E7) once a week, for ten sessions. The range of jaw movement was registered after each session and visual analogue scale (VAS) was applied. Results were analyzed (SPSS-15.0-Chicago) during the comparison, before and after treatment. Statistical tests showed significant improvements (p < 0.01) in painful symptoms and electromyographic activities of masseter muscles in maximal habitual occlusion after laser applications but no significant improvements (p = 0.05) in measurements of mandibular movements. The laser therapy in specific acupuncture points promoted improvement of symptoms and it may be used as complementary therapy for TMD.

Complement Ther Clin Pract 2010 Aug 16(3) 158-160

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20621277

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Characteristics of calcium signaling in astrocytes induced by photostimulation with femtosecond laser.

Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Liu X, Zeng S, Luo Q

Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan 430074, China.

Astrocytes have been identified to actively contribute to brain functions through Ca(2+) signaling, serving as a bridge to communicate with neurons and other brain cells. However, conventional stimulation techniques are hard to apply to delicate investigations on astrocytes. Our group previously reported photostimulation with a femtosecond laser to evoke astrocytic calcium (Ca(2+)) waves, providing a noninvasive and efficient approach with highly precise targeting. In this work, detailed characteristics of astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling induced by photostimulation are presented. In a purified astrocytic culture, after the illumination of a femtosecond laser onto one cell, a Ca(2+) wave throughout the network with reduced speed is induced, and intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations are observed. The intercellular propagation is pharmacologically confirmed to be mainly mediated by ATP through P(2)Y receptors. Different patterns of Ca(2+) elevations with increased amplitude in the stimulated astrocyte are discovered by varying the femtosecond laser power, which is correspondingly followed by broader intercellular waves. These indicate that the strength of photogenerated Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytes has a positive relationship with the stimulating laser power. Therefore, distinct Ca(2+) signaling is feasibly available for specific studies on astrocytes by employing precisely controlled photostimulation.

J Biomed Opt 2010 May-Jun 15(3) 035001

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20615001

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Biological effects of a semiconductor diode laser on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.

Choi EJ, Yim JY, Koo KT, Seol YJ, Lee YM, Ku Y, Rhyu IC, Chung CP, Kim TI

Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.

PURPOSE: It has been reported that low-level semiconductor diode lasers could enhance the wound healing process. The periodontal ligament is crucial for maintaining the tooth and surrounding tissues in periodontal wound healing. While low-level semiconductor diode lasers have been used in low-level laser therapy, there have been few reports on their effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs). We performed this study to investigate the biological effects of semiconductor diode lasers on human PDLFs. METHODS: Human PDLFs were cultured and irradiated with a gallium-aluminum-arsenate (GaAlAs) semiconductor diode laser of which the wavelength was 810 nm. The power output was fixed at 500 mW in the continuous wave mode with various energy fluencies, which were 1.97, 3.94, and 5.91 J/cm(2). A culture of PDLFs without laser irradiation was regarded as a control. Then, cells were additionally incubated in 72 hours for MTS assay and an alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity test. At 48 hours post-laser irradiation, western blot analysis was performed to determine extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. ANOVA was used to assess the significance level of the differences among groups (P<0.05). RESULTS: At all energy fluencies of laser irradiation, PDLFs proliferation gradually increased for 72 hours without any significant differences compared with the control over the entire period taken together. However, an increment of cell proliferation significantly greater than in the control occurred between 24 and 48 hours at laser irradiation settings of 1.97 and 3.94 J/cm(2) (P<0.05). The highest ALPase activity was found at 48 and 72 hours post-laser irradiation with 3.94 J/cm(2) energy fluency (P<0.05). The phosphorylated ERK level was more prominent at 3.94 J/cm(2) energy fluency than in the control. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that the GaAlAs semiconductor diode laser promoted proliferation and differentiation of human PDLFs.

J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010 Jun 40(3) 105-10

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20607054

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Review conclusion for low-level laser therapy in shoulder impingement syndrome appears to be sensitive to alternative interpretations of trial results.

Bjordal JM

J Rehabil Med 2010 Jul 42(7) 700-1; author reply 701-2

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20603704

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Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) secretion and bone healing after Er: YAG laser bone irradiation.

Romanos G, Kesler G, Siman Tov Y, Romanos G, Kesler G, Kesler S, Kasler G, Kesler-Shrevo D, Siman Tov Y

a Eastman Institute for Oral Health, Rochester, NY, United States.

Abstract Background: Er:YAG laser irradiation has been reported to enhance wound healing. However, no studies have evaluated the synthesis of growth factors after laser irradiation. The present study investigated the effects of laser irradiation on the amount of secretion of PDGF in the wound, clarifying the effects of the Er:YAG laser on the bone healing.Methods: Osteotomies were prepared in the tibiae of 28 rats using an Er:YAG laser (test group). Maximum power of 8 watts, energy per pulse of 700 mJ, and frequency up to 50 Hz were used. The laser used with external water irrigation, a spot size of 2 mm, energy per pulse of 500 to 1,000 mJ/pulse and energy density of 32J/cm2. Twenty eight additional rats served as a control group and their osteotomies were prepared with a drill 1.3 mm in diameter at 1000 rpm, with simultaneous saline irrigation. Two rats from the tested group and 2 from the control group were sacrificed on each day following surgery (1-14 days) and the tissue specimens were prepared for histological evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-PDGF was performed after histological examination. The difference between the PDGF staining intensities of the two treatments groups was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression test.Results: A significant rise in PDGF staining occurred in both groups 2-3 days following surgery. However, while high PDGF counts remained for the 2 weeks experimental period in the laser group, PDGF levels in the control group return to baseline levels 8 days post-surgery. The two groups (laser and control) were found to be different throughout the experiment, and the rat type was found to be significant predictor (p=0.000011).Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that Er:YAG laser irradiation seems to stimulate the secretion of PDGF in osteotomies sites in a rat model. It is possible that the high levels of PDGF are part of the mechanism that Er:YAG irradiation enhances and improves the healing of osteotomy sites.

J Oral Implantol 2010 Jun 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20594059

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Low-level laser therapy of dentin hypersensitivity: a short-term clinical trial.

Orhan K, Aksoy U, Can-Karabulut DC, Kalender A

Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey, call53@yahoo.com.

The aim of this study was to evaluate low-level laser therapy in cervical dentin hypersensitivity. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with a total of 64 teeth. Dentin desensitizer and diode laser were applied on the cervical dentin surfaces. Distilled water and placebo laser was used as the placebo groups. The irradiance used was 4 J/cm(2) per treatment site. The baseline measurement of hypersensitivity was made by using visual analog scale (VAS). Twenty-four hours and 7 days after the application of desensitizer, diode laser and placebo groups, a new VAS analysis was conducted for the patients’ sensitivity level. The mean pain scores of placebo groups were significantly higher than the desensitizer’s and diode laser’s mean scores (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The VAS analysis revealed a significant decrease in dentin hypersensitivity in 7 days with the use of the desensitizer and low-level laser therapy and no statistically significant difference was observed between these two treatments (p > 0.05). Although low-level laser and glutaraldehyde containing desensitizer present distinct modes of action, experimental agents caused a significant reduction of dentin hypersensitivity without showing secondary effects, not irritating the pulp or causing pain, not discoloring or staining the teeth, and not irritating the soft tissues at least for a period of 1 week with no drawbacks regarding handling and/or ease of application. Low-level laser therapy and desensitizer application had displayed similar effectiveness in reducing moderate dentin hypersensitivity.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Jun 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20589404

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Phototherapy for allergic rhinitis: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Cingi C, Cakli H, Yaz A, Songu M, Bal C

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Phototherapy has a profound immunosuppressive effect, and phototherapeutic methods using both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light are therefore widely used for the therapy of various inflammatory skin diseases. It is also proposed that phototherapy, using a combination of UV-A (25%), UV-B (5%) and visible light (70%), may represent a therapeutic alternative in patients with allergic rhinitis. METHOD: Seventy-nine patients were randomly assigned to receive either a combination of UV-A (25%), UV-B (5%) and visible light (70%), in the phototherapy group, or low-intensity visible light, in the control group. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by means of total nasal symptom score before treatment and 1 month after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Total nasal scores decreased in both groups but the decrease was highly significant in the active treatment group when compared with the placebo (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that phototherapy may be an effective modality in the treatment of allergic rhinitis especially in cases of which commonly used drugs either are contraindicated and/or have insufficient efficacy.

Ther Adv Respir Dis 2010 Jun 29

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20587541

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[The role of endogenous porphyrins in laser therapy of experimental skin wounds]

The role of endogenous porphyrins in the effect of laser irradiation on the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of wound exudate and rat leukocyte activity has been studied on models of aceptic incised skin wounds. Wounds were irradiated by a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, 1.5 J/cm2) on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th days after the beginning of the experiment. Irradiation effects were evaluated by the SOD activity (NBT test) and the activity of leukocytes of wound exudate (as a chemiluminescent response to opsonized zymosan). It was found that in animals subjected to laser irradiation, the SOD activity sharply increased. This effect depended on endogenous porphyrin concentration and was retained throughout the experiment. The SOD activity in unirradiated animals decreased from the 2nd to the 5th day of experiment. The evaluation of the activity of wound exudate leukocytes did not reveal any distrinct dependence of the effect on the concentration of endogenous porphyrins.

Biofizika 2010 May-Jun 55(3) 532-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20586335

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Survivin mediates self-protection through ROS/cdc25c/CDK1 signaling pathway during tumor cell apoptosis induced by high fluence low-power laser irradiation.

Chu J, Wu S, Xing D

MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.

Survivin, an important member of inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) family, can be up-regulated by various pro-apoptotic stimuli, such as UV, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cisplatin. High fluence low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI) is a newly discovered pro-apoptotic stimulator. The anti-apoptotic mechanism of survivin during HF-LPLI-induced apoptosis is still not investigated. Here, we report that HF-LPLI up-regulates survivin activity through reactive oxygen species (ROS)/cdc25c protein phosphatase (cdc25c)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) signaling pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1). The up-regulation of survivin activity can reduce HF-LPLI-induced apoptosis, while down-regulation of the activity can promote the apoptosis. In addition, activated survivin delays mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and Bax activation, all of which are typical pro-apoptotic events of cell apoptosis induced by HF-LPLI. On the basis of the present studies, we conclude that survivin can mediate self-protection during tumor cell apoptosis caused by HF-LPLI.

Cancer Lett 2010 Jun 23

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20579806

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Low-level laser therapy effects in traumatized permanent teeth with extrusive luxation in an orthodontic patient.

Gorur I, Orhan K, Can-Karabulut DC, Orhan AI, Ozturk A

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.

The aim of this case report was to present and evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy on traumatized permanent teeth with extrusive luxation in an orthodontic patient. The treatment and follow-up evaluation of two orally luxated maxillary permanent central incisors in a 19-year-old man is described. Detailed anamnesis was taken, and extraoral, intraoral, radiographic examinations and electrical and thermal pulpal tests were performed to determine the type of the luxation and the further treatment protocol. Teeth were splinted with composite resin, and antibiotic therapy was prescribed. Low-level laser therapy was applied for 25 sessions. No root canal treatment was applied to the teeth. Continuation of the orthodontic treatment was restarted after 6 months. No sign of clinical or radiographic pathology was detected after 2 years from the end of the treatment. Teeth were identified healthy and sound without any root canal intervention. Treatments with low-level laser applications may be evaluated as noninvasive alternative treatment options in comparison with endodontic treatment for teeth with extrusive luxation more than 2 mm, especially for those who have orthodontic treatment needs.

Angle Orthod 2010 Sep 80(5) 968-74

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20578871

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Interventions for pain during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. A systematic review.

Xiaoting L, Yin T, Yangxi C

State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Dentistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the different methods of pain control intervention during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computerized literature search was performed in MEDLINE (1966-2009), The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2009), EMBASE (1984-2009), and CNKI (1994-2009) to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for pain reduction during orthodontic treatment. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and a quality assessment was carried out. The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan5 software was used for data analysis. The Cochrane Oral Health Group’s statistical guidelines were followed. RESULTS: Twenty-six RCTs were identified and six trials including 388 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that ibuprofen had a pain control effect at 6 hours and at 24 hours after archwire placement compared with the placebo group. The standard mean difference was -0.47 and -0.48, respectively. There was no difference in pain control between ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin. Other analgesics such as tenoxicam and valdecoxib had relatively lower visual analog scale (VAS) scores in pain perception. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was also an effective approach for pain relief with VAS scores of 3.30 in the LLLT group and 7.25 in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Analgesics are still the main treatment modality to reduce orthodontic pain despite their side effects. Some long-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX-2) inhibitors are recommended for their comparatively lesser side effects. Their preemptive use is promising. Other approaches such as LLLT have aroused researchers’ attention.

Angle Orthod 2010 Sep 80(5) 925-32

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20578865

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Histological examination of experimentally infected root canals after preparation by Er:YAG laser irradiation.

Kimura Y, Tanabe M, Imai H, Amano Y, Masuda Y, Yamada Y

Division of Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomita-machi, Koriyama City, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan, y-kimura@den.ohu-u.ac.jp.

The influence of Er:YAG laser irradiation on periodontal tissues along the root surface and apical region during root canal preparation was histologically evaluated using experimentally infected root canals of rats. Eighty experimentally mesial infected root canals of mandibular first molars in rats were divided into four groups. In three groups, root canals were irradiated using an Er:YAG laser at 2 Hz with 34, 68, or 102 mJ/pulse for 30 s. Non-irradiated canals served as controls. The influence of laser irradiation on periodontal tissues along the root surface and apical area was evaluated histologically under light microscopy at 0 (immediately after), 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after irradiation. At all periods, no inflammation or resorption on the root surfaces caused by laser irradiation was observed in any cases in the control or 34 mJ/pulse-irradiated groups. However, mild to severe inflammation with resorption of root surfaces was observed in some cases in the 68- and 102-mJ/pulse-irradiated groups. No significant difference was apparent between control and laser-irradiated groups at the apical area for all experimental periods (p > 0.05). These results suggest that thermal influences on periodontal tissues of experimentally infected root canals during root canal preparation by Er:YAG laser irradiation are minimal if appropriate parameters are selected. Er:YAG laser irradiation is thus a potential therapy for human infected root canals.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Jun 24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20574840

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[Preventive measures with low-intensity laser for workers exposed to physical exertion]

Studies covered 168 personal computer users, 98 jewelry female polishers, 64 assemblers of metallic ship frameworks. Various doses of laser rays in accordance with work conditions appeared effective for improving upper limbs microcirculation. The suggested method is based on effects of low-intensity laser irradiation.

Med Tr Prom Ekol 2010 (4) 33-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20560497

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Quantification of fibrosis and mast cells in the tissue response of endodontic sealer irradiated by low-level laser therapy.

Berbert FL, Sivieri-Araujo G, Ramalho LT, Pereira SA, Rodrigues DB, de Araujo MS

Department of Restorative Dentistry, Discipline of Endodontics, Dental School of Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua Humaita, 1680, PO 331, CEP 14.801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates tissue repair. Mast cells induce the proliferation of fibroblasts and the development of local fibrosis. The objective of this study was to quantify fibrosis rate and mast cells in connective tissue after endodontic sealer zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) was implanted and submitted to LLLT, immediately after implant and again 24 h later. Sixty mice were distributed into three groups: GI, GII, and GIII (n = 20). In GI, the tubes filled with Endofill were implanted in the animals and were not irradiated with LLLT. In GII, the tubes containing Endofill were implanted in the animals and then irradiated with red LLLT (InGaAIP) 685-nm wavelength, D = 72 J/Cm(2), E = 2 J, T = 58 s, P = 35 mW, and in GIII, the tubes with Endofill were implanted and irradiated with infrared LLLT (AsGaAl) 830-nm wavelength, D = 70 J/Cm(2), E = 2 J, T = 40 s, P = 50 mW. After 7 days and 30 days, the animals were killed. A series of 6-microm-thick sections were obtained and stained with Toluidine Blue and Picrosirius and analyzed under a standard light microscope using a polarized light filter for the quantification of fibrosis. The statistics were qualitative and quantitative with a significance of 5%. The irradiation with LLLT did not offer improvement in the fibrosis rate, however, it provided a significant decrease in the concentration of independent mast cells for the period studied.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Jun 12

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20549281

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Photomedicine and LLLT literature watch.

Carroll JD

Photomed Laser Surg 2010 Jun 28(3) 445-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20545525

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Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability.

Grubb MS, Burrone J

MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, 4th Floor, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. matthew.grubb@kcl.ac.uk

In neurons, the axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region near the start of the axon that is the site of action potential initiation. The precise location of the AIS varies across and within different neuronal types, and has been linked to cells’ information-processing capabilities; however, the factors determining AIS position in individual neurons remain unknown. Here we show that changes in electrical activity can alter the location of the AIS. In dissociated hippocampal cultures, chronic depolarization with high extracellular potassium moves multiple components of the AIS, including voltage-gated sodium channels, up to 17 mum away from the soma of excitatory neurons. This movement reverses when neurons are returned to non-depolarized conditions, and depends on the activation of T- and/or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The AIS also moved distally when we combined long-term LED (light-emitting diode) photostimulation with sparse neuronal expression of the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2; here, burst patterning of activity was successful where regular stimulation at the same frequency failed. Furthermore, changes in AIS position correlate with alterations in current thresholds for action potential spiking. Our results show that neurons can regulate the position of an entire subcellular structure according to their ongoing levels and patterns of electrical activity. This novel form of activity-dependent plasticity may fine-tune neuronal excitability during development.

Nature 2010 Jun 24 465(7301) 1070-4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20543823

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Adjunctive Nd:YAG laser application in chronic periodontitis: clinical, immunological, and microbiological aspects.

Gomez C, Dominguez A, Garcia-Kass AI, Garcia-Nunez JA

Departamento de Quimica Laser. Instituto de Quimica Fisica “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSiC C/ Serrano 119, 2806, Madrid, Spain, c.gomez@iqfr.csic.es.

In recent years, the use of laser radiation has been investigated as an alternative or adjunctive tool to conventional procedures employed in the treatment of periodontal disease. Various beneficial characteristics of Nd:YAG laser radiation, such as hemostatic and bactericidal effects, might lead to improved treatment outcomes. The objective of the present study was to examine the clinical, microbiological, and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Nd:YAG laser periodontal pocket irradiation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP). Thirty patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) were randomly assigned in parallel groups to receive SRP alone or SRP followed by Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 1,064 nm) (SRP+NDL). Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI) were recorded, and samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival microbiota were taken at baseline and post-therapy (4 and 8 weeks after treatment). The laser therapy was performed 1 day after the SRP procedure. The GCF samples were analyzed for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and total antioxidative status (TAS). Microbiological samples were cultured and analyzed for ten bacteria. No statistically significant differences were detected for clinical or microbiological variables between SRP and SRP+NDL treatments. However, levels of IL-1 beta in GCF were significantly lower after SRP+NDL treatment when compared to IL-1 beta levels obtained by SRP alone after 4 weeks of treatment. Levels of TNF-alpha were significantly lower after the SRP+NDL treatment during post-therapy. TAS of GCF increased during post-therapy after the SRP+NDL treatment. However, after SRP alone, it remained constant. In this short-term clinical study Nd:YAG laser radiation in the treatment of CP is showed to be a potential adjunct to conventional SRP.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Jun 10

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20535518

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Low-level laser therapy for hand arthritis-fact or fiction?

Tuner J, Hode L

Swedish Laser Medical Society, Spjutvagen 9, 77232, Grangesberg, Sweden, jan.tuner@swipnet.se.

Clin Rheumatol 2010 Jun 8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20532578

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Comparative study of the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and low-level laser therapy on bone defects in tibias of rats.

Favaro-Pipi E, Feitosa SM, Ribeiro DA, Bossini P, Oliveira P, Parizotto NA, Renno AC

Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis (SP-310), Km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the effects of low intensity ultra-sound (LIPUS) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) during the process of bone healing by means of histopathological and morphometric analysis. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups of 30 animals each: the control group (bone defect without treatment); the laser-treated group: (bone defect treated with laser), and the LIPUS-treated (bone defect treated with ultrasound). Each group was further divided into three different subgroups (n = 10) and on days 7, 13, and 25 post-injury, rats were killed with an intra-peritoneal injection of general anesthetic. The rats were treated with a 30-mW/cm(2) low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and a 830-nm laser at 50 J/cm(2). The results showed intense new bone formation surrounded by highly vascularized connective tissue presenting a slight osteogenic activity, with primary bone deposition being observed in the group exposed to laser in the intermediary (13 days) and late stages of repair (25 days). This was confirmed by morphometric analysis in which significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) were noticed when compared to the control. No remarkable differences were noticed in the specimens treated with ultrasound with regard to the amount of newly formed bone in comparison to the control group. Taken together, our results indicate that laser therapy improves bone repair in rats as depicted by histopathological and morphometric analysis, mainly at the late stages of recovery. Moreover, it seems that this therapy was more effective than US to accelerate bone healing.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Jun 3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20521077

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Evaluation of a noninvasive, dual-wavelength laser-suction and massage device for the regional treatment of cellulite.

Kulick MI

kulickmd@pacbell.net

BACKGROUND: Cellulite is a condition usually limited to women. The most common location for this surface irregularity is the thigh. Evaluation of treatment efficacy is difficult because of the reliance on patient satisfaction surveys and flash photography, which can “flatten” surface texture. Reproducibility of photographs is also difficult, as subtle changes in body position can affect appearance. METHODS: Twenty women with mild to moderate cellulite of their lateral thighs were enrolled. Pretreatment and posttreatment assessment included patient weight, body mass index, percentage body fat, standard digital photographs, VECTRA three-dimensional images, and patient questionnaire. Patients received two treatments per week for 4 weeks. Treatment time was 15 minutes per thigh using the SmoothShapes device. Patients were evaluated 1, 3, and 6 months after their last treatment. To be considered improved after treatment, both thighs needed clear improvement in contour as determined by the “untextured” images obtained with the VECTRA camera system. This device depicts skin contour independent of incident lighting. RESULTS: There were no complications. Seventeen patients had complete data for analysis. Ninety-four percent of the patients felt their cellulite was improved. VECTRA analysis showed 82 percent improvement at 1 month, 76 percent improvement at 3 months, and 76 percent improvement at 6 months. Initial cellulite irregularities and improvement were more difficult to discern using standard digital photographs. There was an average increase in patient weight, body mass index, and percentage body fat at 6 months. CONCLUSION: The SmoothShapes device provided improvement in surface contour (cellulite) 6 months after the last treatment in the majority of the patients based on patient survey and VECTRA analysis.

Plast Reconstr Surg 2010 Jun 125(6) 1788-96

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20517104

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Immediate effects of acupuncture on strength performance: a randomized, controlled crossover trial.

Hubscher M, Vogt L, Ziebart T, Banzer W

Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt, Germany, m.huebscher@sport.uni-frankfurt.de.

The present study investigated the immediate efficacy of acupuncture compared to sham acupuncture and placebo laser acupuncture on strength performance. A total of 33 recreational athletes (25.2 +/- 2.8 years; 13 women) were randomized to receive acupuncture, sham acupuncture (needling at non-acupuncture points) and placebo laser acupuncture (deactivated laser device) in a double-blind crossover fashion with 1 week between trials. Assessment included bipedal drop jumps for maximum rebound height and quadriceps maximum isometric voluntary force (MIVF). Furthermore, surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure the EMG activity of the rectus femoris muscle during a 30-s sustained MIVF of the knee extensors. Mean power frequency (MPF) analysis was applied to characterize muscular endurance. Measurements were performed at baseline and immediately after treatment by a blinded investigator. Repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc paired-sample t test with Bonferroni-Holm correction were used for statistical analysis. The difference in the mean change in MIVF from baseline between acupuncture (46.6 N) and sham laser acupuncture (19.6 N) was statistically significant (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was found between acupuncture (46.6 N) and sham acupuncture (28.8 N). ANOVA did not show statistically significant treatment effects for drop jump height or MPF. The present study shows that a single acupuncture treatment was efficacious for improving isometric quadriceps strength in recreational athletes. These results might have implications not only for athletic performance enhancement, but also for rehabilitation programs aimed at restoring neuromuscular function.

Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 May 25

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20499248

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[The laser chromoendoscopy eradication of Helicobacter pylori]

Pavlov ON, Aleksandrov IuK

35 patients with absence of positive dynamics after course of treatment of diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and without achievement of eradication are surveyed. The original technique of Helicobacter pylori endoscopy eradication with use of the therapeutic laser in length of a wave of 660 nanometers is offered. Carrying out of rate laser chromoendoscopy eradication considerably reduces terms of healing of inflammatory-destructive changes of stomach and duodenum mucous membrane allows achieving of Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2010 (2) 32-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20496806

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Effects of equal daily doses delivered by different power densities of low-level laser therapy at 670 nm on open skin wound healing in normal and corticosteroid-treated rats: a brief report.

Lacjakova K, Bobrov N, Polakova M, Slezak M, Vidova M, Vasilenko T, Novotny M, Longauer F, Lenhardt L, Bober J, Levkut M, Sabol F, Gal P

Department of Medical Biophysics, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 11, Kosice, Slovak Republic.

The optimal parameters for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for wound healing are still open to discussion. Hence, our study was aimed at comparing the effects of different power densities of LLLT at 670 nm in rats. Four round full-thickness skin wounds were placed on the backs of 16 rats which were divided into two groups (non-steroid and steroid-treated). Three wounds were stimulated daily with a diode laser (daily dose 5 J/cm(2)) at different power densities (5, 15 and 40 mW/cm(2), respectively), and the fourth wound served as a control. Six days after surgery all animals were killed and samples removed for histological evaluation. Significant acceleration of fibroblast proliferation and new vessel formation was observed in wounds treated at the selected power densities. No significant differences were found in corticosteroid-treated rats. In conclusion, LLLT with the methodology used improved wound healing in non-steroid rats, but was not effective after corticosteroid-treatment.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 May 23

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20496092

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Excitation of primary afferent neurons by near-infrared light in vitro.

Katz EJ, Ilev IK, Krauthamer V, Kim do H, Weinreich D

Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA. elizabeth.katz@fda.hhs.gov

Near-infrared light therapy is an emerging neurostimulation technology, but its cellular mechanism of action remains unresolved. Using standard intracellular recording techniques, we observed that 5-10 ms pulses of 1889 nm light depolarized the membrane potential for hundreds of milliseconds in more than 85% of dorsal root ganglion and nodose ganglion neurons tested. The laser-evoked depolarizations (LEDs) exhibited complex, multiphasic kinetics comprising fast and slow components. There was no discernable difference in the LEDs in intact ganglion neurons and in acutely isolated neurons. Thus, the LED sensor seems to reside within the neuronal membrane. The near-uniform distribution of responsive neurons increased membrane conductance, and the negative reversal potential value (-41+/-2.9 mV) suggests that LED is unrelated to the activation of heat-sensitive transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 channels. The long duration of LEDs favors an involvement of second messengers.

Neuroreport 2010 Jun 23 21(9) 662-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20495496

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Low level laser effects on pain to palpation and electromyographic activity in TMD patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Venezian GC, da Silva MA, Mazzetto RG, Mazzetto MO

Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser (GaAIAs – 780 nm) on pain to palpation and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. The laser was applied on the temporalis and masseter muscles twice a week (four weeks). Forty-eight (48) patients with myofascial pain were randomly assigned between actual and placebo treatments and between the energetic doses of 25 J/cm2 and 60 J/cm2, and were evaluated using VAS before, immediately after the final application, and 30 days after the laser treatment. Surface electromyography was performed with maximum dental clenching before and after laser therapy. The results show there were no significant statistical differences in the EMG activity between the groups before and after laser treatment. With regard to the pain at palpation, although both groups presented a significant difference in the symptoms before and after the treatment, only the active doses showed statistically significant reductions in pain level in all the regions of the palpated muscles. However, there was no significant statistical difference between groups (experimental and placebo). In conclusion, low level laser did not promote any changes in EMG activity. The treatment did, however, lessen the pain symptoms in the experimental groups.

Cranio 2010 Apr 28(2) 84-91

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20491229

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Conservative interventions provide short-term relief for non-specific neck pain: a systematic review.

Leaver AM, Refshauge KM, Maher CG, McAuley JH

Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. andrew.leaver@sydney.edu.au

QUESTION: Which interventions for non-specific neck pain are effective in reducing pain or disability? DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with non-specific neck pain. INTERVENTION: All interventions for neck pain that were evaluated in trials with a placebo, minimal- or no-intervention control. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain and disability outcomes (0-100 scale) at the conclusion of a course of treatment (short term), and in the medium (3 to 9 months) and long (> 9 months) term. RESULTS: 33 trials were identified. The interventions with significant short-term effects on pain were manipulation (MD -22, 95% CI -32 to -11), multimodal intervention (MD -21, 95% CI -34 to -7), specific exercise (MD -12, 95% CI -22 to -2), combination orphenadrine/paracetamol (MD -17, 95% CI -32 to -2), and manual therapy (MD -12, 95% CI -16 to -7). There was a significant short-term effect on disability for acupuncture (MD -8, 95% CI -13 to -2) and manual therapy (MD -6, 95% CI -11 to -2). Treatment with laser therapy resulted in better pain outcomes at medium-term follow-up but not at short-term follow-up. No other intervention demonstrated medium- or long-term effects. CONCLUSION: Some conservative interventions for neck pain are effective in the short term. Few interventions that have been investigated have shown longer term effects that are better than placebo or minimal intervention.

J Physiother 2010 56(2) 73-85

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20482474

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Acne rosacea: effectiveness of 532 nm laser on the cosmetic appearance of the skin.

Maxwell EL, Ellis DA, Manis H

Art of Facial Surgery, Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Toronto, ON. lindamaxwell22@hotmail.com

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to perform a prospective blinded trial to compare the improvement of midface acne rosacea using 532 nm laser therapy with and without a retinaldehyde-based topical application. SETTING: A private clinic and surgicentre specializing in facial plastic surgery. DESIGN: A prospective randomized blinded clinical trial. METHODS: Fourteen patients with type 1 erythematotelangiectatic acne rosacea were enrolled in the study. The side of the face to be treated was chosen randomly. The opposite side of the face served as the control. Patients underwent six treatments with the 532 nm laser, with four sets of photodocumentation over a period of 3 months. Following each treatment, patients were asked to rate their degree of improvement based on a 5-point improvement scale. A final assessment was performed by five separate blinded evaluators. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final photographic evaluation to assess (1) reduction in overall redness, (2) reduction in visible telangiectasia, (3) difference between left and right sides of the face, and (4) degree of overall skin texture improvement. RESULTS: Three men and eight women completed the study. Six right hemifaces and five left hemifaces were treated. One hundred percent of patients noted a mild to moderate improvement in all signs of type 1 acne rosacea, including overall redness of the face, telangiectasia, and skin texture. The blinded evaluators were able to note a difference between the treated and untreated sides 47% of the time. CONCLUSION: The 532 nm laser combined with the topical retinaldehyde improved overall redness, telangiectasia, and skin texture in acne rosacea patients. The degree of improvement was greater when compared to using the laser alone as the sole treatment modality.

J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010 Jun 39(3) 292-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20470675

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A guidance document on myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) published on the International Association for Study of Pain web site finds “strong evidence” for Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). We have archived a copy here and you can find the original source here . Myofascial pain syndrome is often confused with fibromyalgia so it may be worth reading this blog to help understand the difference.

The BMJ sports medicine journal (BJSM) published a systematic review of conservative and surgical interventions and found “strong evidence for the effectiveness of laser therapy” adding to the rapidly expanding list of authoritative journals endorsing LLLT.

Br J Sports Med. 2010 Jul 20

Frozen shoulder: the effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions–systematic review.

Favejee MM, Huisstede BM, Koes BW.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Background A variety of therapeutic interventions is available for restoring motion and diminishing pain in patients with frozen shoulder. An overview article concerning the evidence for the effectiveness of these interventions is lacking. Objective To provide an evidence-based overview regarding the effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions to treat the frozen shoulder. Methods The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and Pedro were searched for relevant systematic reviews and randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, assessed the methodological quality and extracted data. A best-evidence synthesis was used to summarise the results. Results Five Cochrane reviews and 18 RCTs were included studying the effectiveness of oral medication, injection therapy, physiotherapy, acupuncture, arthrographic distension and suprascapular nerve block (SSNB). Conclusions We found strong evidence for the effectiveness of steroid injections and laser therapy in short-term and moderate evidence for steroid injections in mid-term follow-up. Moderate evidence was found in favour of mobilisation techniques in the short and long term, for the effectiveness of arthrographic distension alone and as an addition to active physiotherapy in the short term, for the effectiveness of oral steroids compared with no treatment or placebo in the short term, and for the effectiveness of SSNB compared with acupuncture, placebo or steroid injections. For other commonly used interventions no or only limited evidence of effectiveness was found. Most of the included studies reported short-term results, whereas symptoms of frozen shoulder may last up to 4 years. High quality RCTs studying long-term results are clearly needed in this field.

Br J Sports Med. 2010 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]

Pubmed ID 20647296

34 new LLLT papers for your to review including LED nerve regeneration, post-mastectomy lymphedema, healing of mucous membrane pemphigoid, biceps muscle performance and LED attenuation of oxidative renal damage in Type I diabetic rats.

P.S. when did you last get trained?

• How much LLLT is enough, how much is to much?
• What are joules and J/cm2?
• Do they matter ?
• What is the difference between laser and LED?

Attend a THOR training to find out. Details here https://www.thorlaser.com/courses/

Low Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: A Promising Procedure.

Yilmaz HG, Kusakci Seker B, Bayindir H, Tozum TF

Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Mersin10, Turkey.

Background: Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a heterogeneous group of autoimmune, subepithelial blistering diseases. A combination of both topical and systemic steroid treatment is often used when managing patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid. The use of systemic steroids presents an increased risk of adverse side effects. Consequently, effective alternative modalities of therapy should be considered, such as application of low level laser therapy (LLLT). Methods: Patient suffering from mucous membrane pemphigoid who was successfully treated with the application of local corticosteroids and LLLT using an 810 nm diode laser was presented. The lesions were treated by LLLT over a period of 7 days using a continuous waveform for 40 seconds and an energy density of 5 J/cm(2). Results: Following treatment a significant improvement in tissue color and consistency was observed. The patient was followed every month for a period of 12 months, and the lesions healed uneventfully. Conclusions: The results reported in this case show that healing of mucous membrane pemphigoid can be achieved when LLLT is used as an adjunct to following local corticosteroid application.

J Periodontol 2010 May 3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20450370

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The short-term effects of low-level laser therapy in the management of breast-cancer-related lymphedema.

Dirican, A, Andacoglu, O, Johnson, R, McGuire, K, Mager, L, Soran, A

Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

BACKGROUND: Breast-cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic disease, and currently there is no definitive treatment for it. There are some therapeutic interventions targeted to decrease the limb swelling and the associated problems. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in the treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema since 2007 in the US. The aim of this study is to review our short-term experience with LLLT in the treatment of BCRL. METHOD: Seventeen BCRL patients referred to our lymphedema program between 2007 and 2009 were enrolled in this study. All patients had experienced at least one conventional treatment modality such as complex physical therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, and/or pneumatic pump therapy. LLLT was added to patients’ ongoing therapeutic regimen. All patients completed the full course of LLLT consisting of two cycles. The difference between sums of the circumferences of both affected and unaffected arms (DeltaC), pain score, scar mobility, and range of motion were measured before and after first and second cycles of LLLT sequentially. RESULTS: All patients were female with a median age of 51.8 (44-64) years. DeltaC decreased 54% (15-85%) and 73% (33-100%), after the first and second cycles of LLLT, respectively. Fourteen out of seventeen experienced decreased pain with motion by an average of 40% (0-85%) and 62.7% (0-100%) after the first and second cycle of LLLT, respectively. Three patients had no improvement in pain after LLLT. Scar mobility increased in 13 (76.4%) and shoulder range of motion improved in 14 (82.3%) patients after LLLT. One patient developed cellulitis during LLLT. CONCLUSION: Patients with BCRL received additional benefits from LLLT when used in conjunction with standard lymphedema treatment. These benefits include reduction in limb circumference, pain, increase in range of motion and scar mobility. Additionally, two cycles of LLLT were found to be superior to one in this study.

Support Care Cancer 2010 May 6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20445997

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[Cytological evaluation of laser therapy influence upon skin reparation]

Evidence on the studying of the effectiveness the low intensive laser radiation influence as complex treatment of patient with maxillofacial phlegmons with using of the cytological method were presented. Results of the laser therapeutist were in acceleration of the inflammation stage. The neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages settled down in wound earlier then in the control. This led to acceleration of the wound healing.

Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2010 89(1) 33-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20436407

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Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the Development of Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Changes in Biochemical Markers Related to Post-Exercise Recovery.

Leal Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Frigo L, De Marchi T, Rossi RP, de Godoi V, Tomazoni SS, da Silva DP, Basso M, Filho PL, de Valls Corsetti F, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized crossover double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate if low level laser therapy (LLLT) can affect biceps muscle performance, fatigue development, and biochemical markers of post-exercise recovery. BACKGROUND: Cell and animal studies have suggested that LLLT can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in muscle tissue. But it remains uncertain whether these findings can translate into humans in sport and exercise situations. METHODS: Nine healthy male volleyball players participated in the study. They received either active LLLT (cluster probe with 5 laser diodes, l=810 nm, 200 mW power output, 30 seconds of irradiation, applied in 2 locations over the biceps of the non-dominant arm, 60 J of total energy) or placebo LLLT using an identical cluster probe. The intervention or placebo were applied 3 minutes before the performance of exercise. All subjects performed voluntary elbow flexion repetitions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) until exhaustion. RESULTS: Active LLLT increased the number of repetitions by 14.5% (mean of 39.56, SD +/- 4.33 versus 34.56 +/- 5.64, p=0.037) and the elapsed time before exhaustion by 8.0% (p=0.034), when compared to the placebo treatment. The biochemical markers also indicated that recovery may be positively affected by LLLT as indicated by post-exercise blood lactate levels (p<0.01), Creatine Kinase (CK) activity (p=0.017), and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels (p=0.047) showing a faster recovery with LLLT application prior to the exercise. CONCLUSION: We conclude that pre-exercise irradiation of the biceps with an LLLT dose of 6 J per application location, applied in 2 locations, increased endurance for repeated elbow flexion against resistance, and decreased post-exercise levels of blood lactate, CK, and CRP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapy, Level 1a. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Epub 12 April 2010. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3294.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010 Apr 12

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20436237

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Clinical and microbiologic follow-up evaluations after non-surgical periodontal treatment with erbium:YAG laser and scaling and root planing.

Lopes BM, Theodoro LH, Melo RF, Thompson GM, Marcantonio RA

Department of Periodontology, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study compared erbium-doped: yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation (100 mJ/pulse; 10 Hz; 12.9 J/cm(2)) with or without conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) to SRP only for treatment of periodontal pockets. METHODS: Nineteen patients with pockets from 5 to 9 mm were included. In a split-mouth design, each site was allocated to a treatment group: 1) SRPL, SRP and laser; 2) L, laser; 3) SRP, SRP only; and 4) C, no treatment. Clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and subgingival plaque samples were also measured 12 days postoperatively, in addition to the above mentioned months. Intergroup and intragroup statistical analyses were performed (P <0.05). RESULTS: GI decreased for SRPL and increased for L, SRP, and C (P <0.05) 12 days postoperatively and decreased for SRPL and SRP (P <0.05) 3, 6, and 12 months after baseline; BOP and PD decreased for all treated groups (P <0.01) 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. CAL gain was significant for SRPL, L, and SRP (P <0.05) 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. SRPL and L presented a significant reduction in the percentage of sites with bacteria 6 and 12 months after treatment (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Non-surgical periodontal treatment with Er:YAG laser may be an alternative treatment for reduction and control of the proliferation of microorganisms in persistent periodontitis.

J Periodontol 2010 May 81(5) 682-91

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20429647

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[Effect of the photosensitizers pheophorbid a and protoporphyrin IX on skin wound healing by the action of low-intensity laser irradiation]

The effect of photosensitizer with subsequent He-Ne (632.8 nm; 3 mW/cm2) laser irradiation on experimental skin wound healing has been studied. Pheophorbid a and protoporphyrin IX were used as photosensitizers. It was found that the application of the photosensitizer and subsequent laser irradiation, first, decreased the amount and the functional activity of leukocyte in wound excudate and, second, inhibited the SOD-activity, compared to that of the control group. Moreover, pheophorbide a and protoporphyrin practically did not affect the total healing period but decreased the length of the inflammation stage. It was supposed that these effects are related to the generation of reactive oxygen species during irradiation.

Biofizika 2010 Mar-Apr 55(2) 350-5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20429292

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The evolution of transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke, including a pooled analysis of NEST-1 and NEST-2.

Stemer AB, Huisa BN, Zivin JA

University of California, San Diego Medical Center, Medical Office North, 3rd floor, Suite 3, 200 West Arbor Drive #8466, San Diego, CA 92103-8466, USA.

Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator is the only proven therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Not enough patients are eligible for treatment and additional new therapies are needed. Recently, laser technology has been applied to acute ischemic stroke. This noninvasive technique uses near-infrared wavelengths applied to the scalp within 24 h of symptom onset. The mechanism is incompletely understood but may involve increased mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. Animal models demonstrated safety and efficacy warranting randomized controlled trials in humans. NEST-1 (phase 2) and NEST-2 (phase 3) confirmed the safety of transcranial laser therapy, although efficacy was not found in NEST-2. Pooled analysis of NEST-1 and NEST-2 revealed a significantly improved success rate in patients treated with laser therapy. Further phase 3 testing is planned and may create a new paradigm for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

Curr Cardiol Rep 2010 Jan 12(1) 29-33

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20425181

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Conservative Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation With Associated Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review.

Hahne, AJ, Ford, JJ, McMeeken, JM

From the *Musculoskeletal Research Centre, School of Physiotherapy, LA Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; and daggerFaculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.

STUDY DESIGN.: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE.: To determine the efficacy and adverse effects of conservative treatments for people who have lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy (LDHR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Although conservative management is commonly used for people who have LDHR, the efficacy and adverse effects of conservative treatments for this condition are unclear. METHODS.: We searched 10 computer databases for trials published in English between 1971 and 2008. Trials focusing on people with referred leg symptoms and radiologic confirmation of a lumbar disc herniation were included if at least 1 group received a conservative and noninjection treatment. RESULTS.: Eighteen trials involving 1671 participants were included. Seven (39%) trials were considered of high quality. Meta-analysis on 2 high-quality trials revealed that advice is less effective than microdiscectomy surgery at short-term follow-up, but equally effective at long-term follow-up. Individual high-quality trials provided moderate evidence that stabilization exercises are more effective than no treatment, that manipulation is more effective than sham manipulation for people with acute symptoms and an intact anulus, and that no difference exists among traction, laser, and ultrasound. One trial showed some additional benefit from adding mechanical traction to medication and electrotherapy methods. Adverse events were associated with traction (pain, anxiety, lower limb weakness, and fainting) and ibuprofen (gastrointestinal events). CONCLUSION.: Advice is less effective than microdiscectomy in the short term but equally effective in the long term for people who have LDHR. Moderate evidence favors stabilization exercises over no treatment, manipulation over sham manipulation, and the addition of mechanical traction to medication and electrotherapy. There was no difference among traction, laser, and ultrasound. Adverse events were associated with traction and ibuprofen. Additional high-quality trials would allow firmer conclusions regarding adverse effects and efficacy.

Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010 Apr 23

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20421859

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Light distribution in intravascular low level laser therapy applying mathematical simulation: a comparative study.

Li X, Cheng G, Huang N, Wang L, Liu F, Gu Y

Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.

Intravascular low level laser therapy (ILLLT) has been applied in the treatment of many diseases for about twenty years. However, much fundamental work has not been done on its dosimetry. The study was designed to compare the difference of light distribution during ILLLT between using flat end fiber and optical fiber coupled with cylindrical light diffuser. Light distribution of He-Ne laser was processed by Monte Carlo model. The laser output was 5 mW. The diameter of both optical fibers was 400 microm. Four tissue optical parameters were chosen for simulation. The results showed that optical parameters of blood are important to determine the distribution of laser energy. The highest power density could increase to over 5000 mW/cm2 using flat end fiber. And the laser energy was absorbed by the blood cells in very small area before the tip of flat end fiber. But when using optical fiber coupled with cylindrical light diffuser, the highest power density was about 100 mW/cm2. More volume of blood cells could be irradiated by laser light. In summary, optical fiber coupled with cylindrical light diffuser is superior to flat end fiber at the aspect of increasing the volume of irradiated blood and decreasing unwanted damage to blood cells during intravascular low level laser therapy.

J Xray Sci Technol 2010 Jan 1 18(1) 47-55

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20421704

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Is low-level laser therapy effective in acute or chronic low back pain?

Ay S, Dogan SK, Evcik D

Department of Physical Rehabilitation and Medicine, Ufuk University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, saimeay@yahoo.com.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on pain and functional capacity in patients with acute and chronic low back pain caused by lumbar disk herniation (LDH). LLLT has been used to treat acute and chronic pain of musculoskeletal system disorders. This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Forty patients with acute (26 females/14 males) and 40 patients with chronic (20 females/20 males) low back pain caused by LDH were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 (acute LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + laser therapy; group 2 (chronic LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + laser therapy; group 3 (acute LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + placebo laser therapy, and group 4 (chronic LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + placebo laser therapy, for 15 sessions during 3 weeks. Assessment parameters included pain, patients’ global assessment, physician’s global assessment, and functional capacity. Pain was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and Likert scale. Patients’ and physician’s global assessment were also measured with VAS. Modified Schober test and flexion and lateral flexion measures were used in the evaluation of range of motion (ROM) of lumbar spine. Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) and Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ) were used in the functional evaluation. Measurements were done before and after 3 weeks of treatment. After the treatment, there were statistically significant improvements in pain severity, patients’ and physician’s global assessment, ROM, RDQ scores, and MODQ scores in all groups (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were detected between four treatment groups with respect to all outcome parameters (p > 0.05). There were no differences between laser and placebo laser treatments on pain severity and functional capacity in patients with acute and chronic low back pain caused by LDH.

Clin Rheumatol 2010 Apr 23

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20414695

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[Effects of low-level helium-neon laser on induced wound healing in rats]

Busnardo VL, Biondo-Simoes ML

Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. vivianelucci@up.edu.br

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of low-level helium-neon (HeNe) laser on cutaneous wound healing in rats. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were divided into control group and experimental group. A sutured longitudinal, dorsal-medial incision was made, with simple separate stitches. The experimental group was irradiated daily in three areas of the wound with HeNe laser (5mW maximum continuous power, 632.8 nm wavelength, 4 J/cm(2) energy density and 0.015 cm(2) laser beam area) for 36 seconds. The areas were evaluated on the third, seventh and fourteenth days postoperative. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to determine the type of inflammatory reaction according to the protocol by Vizzotto et al. (2003)* and with Picrosirius to identify types I and III collagen and the collagen maturation index (CMI). Immunohistochemical detection was employed with anti-CD45-LCA to recognize the inflammatory cells. RESULTS: Both groups had the same inflammatory pattern. The experimental group had fewer inflammatory cells at the three evaluation times (p<0.001) with faster reduction in the number of leukocytes. The experimental group had greater total collagen density on the third day (p=0.001), with more type III collagen (p=0.001) and more type I collagen (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in the CMI. CONCLUSION: Low-level laser irradiation does not change the quality of the inflammatory response, but it does reduce its intensity; it increases collagen deposition in the early stages of the healing process and does not interfere with collagen maturation.

Rev Bras Fisioter 2010 Feb 14(1) 45-51

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20414561

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[The use of electrothermal and phototherapeutic methods for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review]

Ricci NA, Dias CN, Driusso P

Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil. natalia_ricci@hotmail.com

OBJECTIVE: To systematically investigate the scientific evidence relating to electrothermal and phototherapeutic methods for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). METHODS: The search for reports on interventions using electrothermal and phototherapy for FMS was carried out in the Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, ISI Web of Knowledge, PEDro and Cochrane Collaboration databases. Randomized controlled clinical trials published over the past 10 years in English, Portuguese and Spanish were selected. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Jadad scale. The analysis on the study results was done by means of critical review of the content. RESULTS: Seven studies were reviewed in full, and these identified interventions using laser (n=4), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS; n=1), interferential current (IFC) alone (n=1) and IFC combined with ultrasound (US; n=1). Only two studies showed good methodological quality according to the Jadad scale. Most of the studies (n=6) used the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology for the clinical diagnosis of FMS. Pain was the most frequently evaluated FMS symptom. The intervention methods and their duration varied widely, and there was no mention of the parameters used in the electrothermal and phototherapeutic methods. Pain levels reduced significantly in all of the studies. CONCLUSION: There are still limitations on the generalization of the results, adverse reactions and doses of the FMS treatment. Further studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of electrothermal and phototherapy in treating FMS.

Rev Bras Fisioter 2010 Feb 14(1) 1-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20414555

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Mechanism of high-power NIR laser bacteria inactivation.

Hibst R, Graser R, Udart M, Stock K

Institut fur Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik an der Universitat Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany.

Lasers are used in dentistry for a variety of indications. One of these is the disinfection of root canals or the sterilization of residual caries. Many studies have demonstrated the capacity to kill bacteria for lasers but the fundamental mechanism of the laser effect remains quite unclear. With our experiments we wanted to determine whether high-power NIR laser bacterial killing is caused by the light itself (photochemical effect) or by a photothermal process. In order to differentiate between mechanisms we heated bacteria suspensions of a nonpathogenic strain of E. coli by a water bath and by a diode laser (940 nm) with the same temporal temperature course. Furthermore, bacteria suspensions were irradiated while the temperature was fixed by ice water. Killing of bacteria was measured via fluorescence labelling. Comparison of killing rates between laser and water-based heating shows no significant differences. The most important parameter is the maximum temperature. Laser irradiation of bacteria at low temperatures does not result in killing. Our experiments show that at least for E. coli bacteria inactivation by high-power laser irradiation is solely based on a thermal process. ((c) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).

J Biophotonics 2010 Apr 21

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20411570

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In Vivo Low-level Light Therapy Increases Cytochrome Oxidase in Skeletal Muscle.

Hayworth, CR, Rojas, JC, Padilla, E, Holmes, GM, Sheridan, EC, Gonzalez-Lima, F

Departments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.

Abstract Low-level light therapy (LLLT) increases survival of cultured cells, improves behavioral recovery from neurodegeneration and speeds wound healing. These beneficial effects are thought to be mediated by upregulation of mitochondrial proteins, especially the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase. However, the effects of in vivo LLLT on cytochrome oxidase in intact skeletal muscle have not been previously investigated. We used a sensitive method for enzyme histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase to examine the rat temporalis muscle 24 h after in vivo LLLT. The findings showed for the first time that in vivo LLLT induced a dose- and fiber type-dependent increase in cytochrome oxidase in muscle fibers. LLLT was particularly effective at enhancing the aerobic capacity of intermediate and red fibers. The findings suggest that LLLT may enhance the oxidative energy metabolic capacity of different types of muscle fibers, and that LLLT may be used to enhance the aerobic potential of skeletal muscle.

Photochem Photobiol 2010 Apr 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20408982

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Effect of HeNe Laser Irradiation on Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Expression of Cytokines and Chemokines in Paracoccidioidomycotic Lesions.

Nagib PR, Gameiro J, da Costa TA, Di Gangi R, da Silva Ribeiro J, Paulino LC, Verinaud L

Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias-UFG, Goiania, Goias, Brazil.

Abstract Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most prevalent human mycosis in Latin America. Cutaneous lesions are extremely painful and sensitive, and current treatment with antifungal drugs is lengthy and may cause side effects to patients. In this perspective, the helium-neon (HeNe) laser emerges as a novel therapy form due to its ability to heal wounds without changing cell function. In this work, we evaluate the effects of HeNe laser irradiation on extracellular matrix deposition and expression of cytokines and chemokines in cutaneous lesions caused by experimental infection of Balb/c mice. Our results showed decreased levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines in lesions exposed to HeNe laser irradiation. Chemokines CCL3 and CXCL10 showed decreased levels in laser-treated lesions, but no significant difference was observed in relation to CCL5 expression. We also detected decreased density of fibronectin and laminin in HeNe laser-treated lesions. Data presented herein support the validity of our previous results suggesting positive effects of HeNe laser in accelerating wound healing in this experimental model. We believe that HeNe laser is a new nonharmful strategy that may be used as adjuvant and/or alternative therapy for improving treatment of paracoccidioidomycotic lesions.

Photochem Photobiol 2010 Apr 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20408980

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Light therapy by blue LED improves wound healing in an excision model in rats.

Adamskaya, N, Dungel, P, Mittermayr, R, Hartinger, J, Feichtinger, G, Wassermann, K, Redl, H, van Griensven, M

Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.

BACKGROUND: Low level light therapy (LLLT) is an attractive alternative to enhance wound healing. So far most studies are performed with red or infrared irradiation. However, we recently showed that blue light (470nm) can significantly influence biological systems, improving perfusion by release of nitric oxide from nitrosyl complexes with haemoglobin in a skin flap model in rats. Here, we compared the effects of blue and red low level light by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on in vivo wound healing in an excision wound model in rats. METHODS: Circular excision wounds were surgically created on the dorsum of each rat. Excisions on either the left or right side were illuminated post-OP and on five consecutive days for 10min by LED at 470nm or 630nm with an intensity of 50mW/cm(2), while protecting the contralateral side from exposure. In the control group, neither side was illuminated. On day 7 post-OP, we analysed planimetric and histological parameters, as well as expression of keratin-1, keratin-10 and keratin-17 on mRNA level. RESULTS: Illumination substantially influenced wound healing. Blue light significantly decreased wound size on day 7, which correlated with enhanced epithelialisation. Light also affected mRNA expression. Both wavelengths decreased keratin-1 mRNA on day 7 post-OP, while keratin-10 mRNA level was elevated in both light treated group compared to control. Keratin-17 mRNA was also elevated in the red light group, but was unchanged in the blue light group. CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies, we showed that also blue light significantly influences wound healing. Furthermore, our data suggest that light therapy can play an important role in normotrophic wound healing by affecting keratin expression. Illumination would provide an easily applicable, safe and cost-effective treatment of surface wounds.

Injury 2010 Apr 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20400080

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A short-term evaluation of Nd:YAG laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in treatment of periodontal inflammation.

Qadri, T, Poddani, P, Javed, F, Tuner, J, Gustafsson, A

Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.

Background: The aim of this split-mouth, single blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was to compare the short-term outcome of combined scaling and root planing (SRP) and Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation with SRP alone. Methods: Thirty patients were recruited. Mandibular left or right side was randomly assigned as the test- (SRP with laser treatment) and control-side (SRP alone). The water-cooled Nd:YAG laser was used at four Watt, 80 millijoule per pulse, 50 Hertz, and with a pulse width of 350 microseconds. At baseline, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from the test and control sides and levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, Interleukin (IL)-1beta, -4, -6, and -8 were measured using standard techniques. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were measured by calibrated examiners. Results: At the one week follow-up, PPD (P <0.001), PI (P <0.05) and GCF volume (P <0.001) showed significant improvement on the test-side compared to the control-side. At the three-month follow-up, PPD (P <0.01), PI (P <0.01), GI (P <0.001) and GCF volume (P <0.05) also showed significant improvement on the test-side compared to the control-side. At the one week follow up, the IL-1beta and MMP-8 levels were significantly reduced on the test-side compared to the control-side. The three-month follow-up confirmed that the improvements on the test-site had been sustained compared to the control site. Conclusions: In short-term, SRP in combination with a single application of a water cooled Nd:YAG laser significantly improves clinical signs associated with periodontal inflammation compared to treatment by SRP alone.

J Periodontol 2010 Apr 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20397904

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Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Body Contouring and Spot Fat Reduction.

Caruso-Davis MK, Guillot TS, Podichetty VK, Mashtalir N, Dhurandhar NV, Dubuisson O, Yu Y, Greenway FL

School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.

BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is commonly used in medical applications, but scientific studies of its efficacy and the mechanism by which it causes loss of fat from fat cells for body contouring are lacking. This study examined the effectiveness and mechanism by which 635-680 nm LLLT acts as a non-invasive body contouring intervention method. METHODS: Forty healthy men and women ages 18-65 years with a BMI <30 kg/m(2) were randomized 1:1 to laser or control treatment. Subject’s waistlines were treated 30 min twice a week for 4 weeks. Standardized waist circumference measurements and photographs were taken before and after treatments 1, 3, and 8. Subjects were asked not to change their diet or exercise habits. In vitro assays were conducted to determine cell lysis, glycerol, and triglyceride release. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for those with body weight fluctuations within 1.5 kg during 4 weeks of the study. Each treatment gave a 0.4-0.5 cm loss in waist girth. Cumulative girth loss after 4 weeks was -2.15 cm (-0.78 +/- 2.82 vs. 1.35 +/- 2.64 cm for the control group, p < 0.05). A blinded evaluation of standardized pictures showed statistically significant cosmetic improvement after 4 weeks of laser treatment. In vitro studies suggested that laser treatment increases fat loss from adipocytes by release of triglycerides, without inducing lipolysis or cell lysis. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT achieved safe and significant girth loss sustained over repeated treatments and cumulative over 4 weeks of eight treatments. The girth loss from the waist gave clinically and statistically significant cosmetic improvement.

Obes Surg 2010 Apr 15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20393809

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Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) attenuates RhoA mRNA expression in the rat bronchi smooth muscle exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

de Lima FM, Bjordal JM, Albertini R, Santos FV, Aimbire F

Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, IP&D, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Sao Jose dos Campos, CEP: 12244-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been found to produce anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of disorders. Bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) hyperreactivity is associated with increased Ca(+2) sensitivity and increased RhoA mRNA expression. In the current study, we investigated if LLLT could reduce BSM contraction force and RhoA mRNA expression in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced BSM hyperreactivity. In the study, 112 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 16 groups, and BSM was harvested and suspended in TNF-alpha baths for 6 and 24 h, respectively. Irradiation with LLLT was performed with a wavelength of 660 nm for 42 s with a dose of 1.3 J/cm(2). This LLLT dose was administered once in the 6-h group and twice in the 24-h group. LLLT significantly decreased contraction force in BSM at 6 h (TNF-alpha + LLLT: 11.65 +/- 1.10 g/100 mg of tissue) (F = 3115) and at 24 h (TNF-alpha + LLLT: 14.15 +/- 1.1 g/100 mg of tissue) (F = 3245, p < 0.05) after TNF-alpha, respectively, when compared to vehicle-bathed groups (control). LLLT also significantly decreased the expression of RhoA mRNA in BSM segments at 6 h (1.22 +/- 0.20) (F = 2820, p < 0.05) and 24 h (2.13 +/- 0.20) (F = 3324, p < 0.05) when compared to BSM segments incubated with TNF-alpha without LLLT irradiation. We conclude that LLLT administered with this protocol, reduces RhoA mRNA expression and BSM contraction force in TNF-alpha-induced BSM hyperreactivity.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Apr 15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20393772

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Mechanical evaluation of the influence of low-level laser therapy in secondary stability of implants in mice shinbones.

Maluf AP, Maluf RP, da Rocha Brito C, Franca FM, de Brito RB Jr

Sao Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Institute, Campinas, SP, Brazil, alemaluf@terra.com.br.

The present work evaluates mechanically the bone-implant attachment submitted or not to low-level laser therapy, with wavelength of 795 nm, in a continuous way, with power of 120 mW. The implant was placed in one of the shinbones of 24 mice, randomly distributed into two groups. The experimental group was submitted to six laser applications, divided into four points previously established, two lateral and two longitudinal, six times 8 J/cm(2) with an interval of 2 days, totaling the dose of 48 J/cm(2). The control group did not receive laser therapy. The interval between applications was 48 h and the irradiations began immediately after the end of the implant surgeries. The two groups were killed on the 14th day and a bone block of the area was removed where the implant was inserted. A torque machine was used to measure the torque needed for loosening the implants. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. The experimental group presented larger difficulty for breaking up the implant interface with the bone block than the control group. It can be concluded that with the animal model and the protocol of irradiation present in this study, the laser therapy demonstrated capacity to increase the attachment bone implant.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Apr 15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20393769

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Development of compression-controlled low-level laser probe system: towards clinical application.

Yeo C, Son T, Park J, Lee YH, Kwon K, Nelson JS, Jung B

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 234 Maeji-Ri, Heungup-Myeon, Wonju-Si, Gangwon-Do, 220-710, Korea.

Various physico-chemical tissue optical clearing (TOC) methods have been suggested to maximize photon density in tissue. In order to enhance photon density, a compression-controlled low-level laser probe (CCLLP) system was developed by utilizing the principle of mechanical tissue compression. Negative compression (NC) was applied to the laser probes built in various diameters and simultaneously the laser was irradiated into ex-vivo porcine skin samples. Laser photon density (LPD) was evaluated as a function of NC and probe diameter by analyzing 2D diffusion images of the laser exposures. The CCLLP system resulted in a concentrated laser beam profile, which means enhancement of the LPD. As indicators of LPD, the laser peak intensity increased and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreased as a function of NC. The peak intensity at -30 kPa increased 2.74, 3.22, and 3.64 fold at laser probe diameters of 20, 30, and 40 mm, respectively. In addition, sample temperature was measured with a thermal camera and increased 0.4 K at -30 kPa after 60 s of laser irradiation as a result of enhanced LPD. The CCLLP system effectively demonstrated enhancement of the LPD in tissue and potentially its clinical feasibility.

Lasers Med Sci 2010 Apr 15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20393768

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Seeing the Light – The Truth about Soft Tissue Lasers and Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy.

Matthews DC

Although laser treatment has generated considerable interest among dentists and the public, there is no evidence that any laser system adds clinical value over and above scaling and root planing and conventional surgical treatment for periodontitis. Following a brief explanation of the mechanism behind soft tissue lasers, the evidence on the use of laser therapy in addition to traditional nonsurgical periodontal treatment in the management of periodontal diseases is reviewed.

J Can Dent Assoc 2010 Apr 76(2) 10702

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20388312

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Mitochondrial mechanisms of Photobiomodulation in context of new data about multiple roles of ATP.

Karu T

Photomed Laser Surg 2010 Apr 28(2) 159-60

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20374017

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Use of laser technology in orthodontics: hard and soft tissue laser treatments.

Genovese, MD, Olivi, G

AIM: Modern technology has perfected a new instrument that has become almost indispensable in modern dentistry, in accordance with the philosophy of minimally invasive therapy: the laser. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of laser technology to solve mucogingival problems associated with orthodontic treatment. Some laser wavelengths work both on hard and soft tissues (2780 nm, 2940 nm), other lasers, such as the 810 nm diode, have a very good surgical and haemostatic action on soft tissues and an important analgesic and biostimulating effect that can help the healing of both TMJ painful symptoms as well as the pain following active orthodontic treatment. Several cases connected to orthodontic therapy are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different laser systems (diode laser at 810 nm; Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 2780 nm; Erbium:YAG laser at 2940 nm) were used, both for soft tissue surgery and enamel etching, and for biostimulating effect. These wavelengths were used with different parameters for each case, according to international current studies in view of minimally invasive therapy. RESULTS: The cases reported showed very quick and good healing of the laser treated tissues. These treatments, necessary for the orthodontic therapy or for its completion, become extremely simple, safe and rapid and the orthodontic specialist can perform them himself. CONCLUSION: The laser technique is very effective in many operative and surgical procedures during orthodontic therapy. Further studies are however necessary to set the treatment protocols in orthodontic biostimulation.

Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010 Mar 11(1) 44-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20359282

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Oral mucositis. Review of literature.

Scardina, GA, Pisano, T, Messina, P

Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy. scardina@odonto.unipa.it

The standard treatment for malignant neoplasia of the cervicofacial area is surgery in association with radio- and/or chemotherapy. These therapies can cause local and systemic complications. Mucositis is the most common dose-correlated complication to the oral cavity. It is particularly difficult to treat in patients who are already physically and psychologically exhausted by the tumoral pathology. This study illustrates, through a review of the literature, the attack rate, the pathogenesis and the clinical course of the mucositis, as well as the correct dental approach and clinical-therapeutic management of these patients, with the aim of improving the quality of their lives.

N Y State Dent J 2010 Jan 76(1) 34-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20359063

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Effect of near-infrared light-emitting diodes on nerve regeneration.

Ishiguro, M, Ikeda, K, Tomita, K

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.

BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation by red to near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been reported to accelerate wound healing, attenuate degeneration of an injured optic nerve, and promote tissue growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LEDs on nerve regeneration. A histological study as well as a measurement of antioxidation levels in the nerve regeneration chamber fluid was performed. METHODS: For the histological study, the bilateral sciatic nerves were transected, and the left proximal stump and the right distal stump were inserted into the opposite ends of a silicone chamber, leaving a 10-mm gap. Light from an LED device (660 nm, 7.5 mW/cm(2)) was irradiated for 1 h per day. At 3 weeks after surgery, regenerated tissue was fixed and examined by light microscopy. For the antioxidation assay of chamber fluid, the left sciatic nerve and a 2-mm piece of nerve from the proximal stump were transected and inserted into opposite sides of a silicone chamber leaving a 10-mm gap. LEDs were irradiated using the same parameters as those described in the histological study. At 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery, antioxidation of the chamber fluid was measured using an OXY absorbent test. RESULTS: Nerve regeneration was promoted in the LED group. Antioxidation of the chamber fluid significantly decreased from 3 days to 7 days in the control group. In the LED group, antioxidation levels did not decrease until 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Chamber fluid is produced from nerve stumps after nerve injury. This fluid contains neurotrophic factors that may accelerate axonal growth. Red to near-infrared LEDs have been shown to promote mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. In this study, LED irradiation improved nerve regeneration and increased antioxidation levels in the chamber fluid. Therefore, we propose that antioxidation induced by LEDs may be conducive to nerve regeneration.

J Orthop Sci 2010 Mar 15(2) 233-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20358337

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Effects of low-level light therapy on streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidney.

Lim J, Sanders RA, Snyder AC, Eells JT, Henshel DS, Watkins JB 3rd

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.

Hyperglycemia causes oxidative damage in tissues prone to complications in diabetes. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) in the red to near infrared range (630-1000nm) has been shown to accelerate diabetic wound healing. To test the hypothesis that LLLT would attenuate oxidative renal damage in Type I diabetic rats, male Wistar rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (50mg/kg, ip), and then exposed to 670nm light at a dose of 9J/cm(2) once per day for 14weeks. The activity and expression of catalase and the activity of Na K-ATPase increased in kidneys of light-treated diabetic rats, whereas the activity and expression of glutathione peroxidase and the expression of Na K-ATPase were unchanged. LLLT lowered the values of serum BUN, serum creatinine, and BUN/creatinine ratio. In addition, LLLT augmented the activity and expression of cytochrome c oxidase, a primary photoacceptor molecule in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and reduced the formation of the DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in kidney. LLLT improved renal function and antioxidant defense capabilities in the kidney of Type I diabetic rats. Thus, 670nm LLLT may be broadly applicable to the amelioration of renal complications induced by diabetes that disrupt antioxidant defense mechanisms.

J Photochem Photobiol B 2010 May 3 99(2) 105-10

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20356759

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The influence of baseline characteristics on response to a laser acupuncture intervention: an exploratory analysis.

Glazov G

School of Primary, Aboriginal and Rural Health Care, University of Western Australia, 328 Stirling Hwy Claremont WA 6010, Australia. glazog01@student.uwa.edu.au

OBJECTIVES: In clinical practice it is known that subjects vary in their response to acupuncture, but there is little data on what predicts the outcome. The aim of this study was to identify such predictors. METHOD: A secondary analysis was performed on data from 100 participants in a trial of laser and sham laser acupuncture for chronic non-specific low back pain. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify which baseline characteristics predicted pain change in the immediate, short and intermediate term. An analysis of covariance was performed based on these results to re-examine the primary result of the trial. RESULTS: Strong predictors of poor response were receipt of disability support pension, headache, the regular use of analgesics or previous failed back surgery. Higher pain scores or exacerbation of pain at baseline predicted a greater proportionate pain relief after the intervention. Adjusted analysis suggested a clinically important effect of laser compared to sham (p<0.05), at short term follow-up only. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest which characteristics of patients with chronic low back pain are more likely to respond to laser acupuncture treatment, but require replication in other studies. The findings may not apply in other acupuncture interventions and treatment of different conditions. They may also be used to set selection criteria for future studies, and to aid interpreting the effect of baseline imbalances on trial results.

Acupunct Med 2010 Mar 28(1) 6-11

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20351369

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The effects of low-level diode laser treatment and dental pulp-capping materials on the proliferation of L-929 fibroblasts.

Ferriello V, Faria MR, Cavalcanti BN

Biodentistry Postgraduate Program, Ibirapuera University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to improve tissue healing and might therefore be useful in dental pulp capping after trauma. We evaluated the effects of a low-level diode laser (lambda = 680 nm) and dental pulp-capping substances on cell proliferation. Calcium hydroxide and adhesive resin were applied as conditioned media to cultures. Half of the samples received irradiation with the diode laser at a fluence of 4 J/cm(2) for 60 s. Using a hemocytometer, cells were counted at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and the data were analyzed by ANOVA. All cultures exhibited continuous growth, except those treated with adhesive resin. As compared to the other two groups, cell proliferation was significantly lower in cultures treated with adhesive resin; it was also significantly lower in cultures treated with calcium hydroxide, as compared to the control group. When combined with dental pulp-capping materials, LLLT had no effect on L-929 cell proliferation.

J Oral Sci 2010 52(1) 33-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20339230

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LPLI inhibits apoptosis upstream of Bax translocation via a GSK-3beta-inactivation mechanism.

Zhang L, Zhang Y, Xing D

MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.

Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI), a non-damage physical therapy, which has been used clinically for decades of years, is shown to promote cell proliferation and prevent apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms that LPLI prevents cell apoptosis remain undefined. In this study, based on real-time single-cell analysis, we demonstrated for the first time that LPLI inhibits staurosporine (STS)-induced cell apoptosis by inactivating the GSK-3beta/Bax pathway. LPLI could inhibit the activation of GSK-3beta, Bax, and caspase-3 induced by STS. In the searching for the mechanism, we found that, LPLI can activate Akt, which was consistence with our former research, even in the presence of STS. In this anti-apoptotic process, the interaction between Akt and GSK-3beta increased gradually, indicating Akt interacts with and inactivates GSK-3beta directly. Conversely, LPLI decreased the interaction between GSK-3beta and Bax, with the suppression of Bax translocation to mitochondria, suggesting LPLI inhibits Bax translocation through inactivating GSK-3beta. These results were further confirmed by the experiments of co-immunoprecipitation. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3′-OH kinase (PI3K), potently suppressed the activation of Akt and subsequent anti-apoptotic processes induced by LPLI. Taken together, we conclude that LPLI protects against STS-induced apoptosis upstream of Bax translocation via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3beta pathway. These findings raise the possibility of LPLI as a promising therapy for neuron-degeneration disease induced by GSK-3beta.

J Cell Physiol 2010 Jul 224(1) 218-28

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20333643

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The light revival: does phototherapy promote wound healing? A review.

Whinfield AL, Aitkenhead I

Department of General Practice and Primary Care, Kings College London School of Medicine, 5 Lambeth Walk, London, UK. annewhin@googlemail.com

BACKGROUND: Throughout history, light has been recognised as a potential source of healing. The introduction of lasers made it possible to modify and control light for optimum therapeutic use. AIM: This paper reviews recent clinical trials that test phototherapy on human models in order to assess the value of phototherapy in routine wound care. METHOD: A literature search was undertaken using a variety of sources including online databases. RESULTS: The results of numerous in vitro and animal investigations suggest that phototherapy may stimulate cell activity and promote tissue repair. Reports of human clinical trials are relatively few. There is inconsistency of selected treatment parameters amongst studies testing the effect of phototherapy on wound healing. Clinical trials using human models do not provide sufficient evidence to establish the usefulness of phototherapy as an effective tool in wound care regimes. CONCLUSION: Further well designed research trials are required to determine the true value of phototherapy in routine wound care.

Foot (Edinb) 2009 Jun 19(2) 117-24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20307462

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Laser acupuncture for myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles. A controlled pilot study.

Katsoulis J, Ausfeld-Hafter B, Windecker-Getaz I, Katsoulis K, Blagojevic N, Mericske-Stern R

Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. joannis.katsoulis@zmk.unibe.ch

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of laser acupuncture within the scope of a pilot study. METHODS: 108 adult patients were examined and of those eleven patients were included in the prospective pilot study. These patients took part voluntarily and were diagnosed with tendomyopathy of the masticatory musculature with maximum face and jaw pain on a visual analogous scale VAS > or = 30 in the last 14 days. Four patients wanted to be sure not to be assigned to the placebo group and were treated with the laser (group1, verum open, N = 4). The remaining seven were split by means of block randomisation into groups 2 (verum blind, N = 3) and 3 (placebo blind, N = 4). Two local points (ST 6, SI 18) and two distant points (SI 3, LI 4) on both sides of the body were stimulated (groups 1 and 2) or placebo-stimulated (group 3) with the LASERneedle machine for 15 minutes twice a week for three weeks (6 sessions). After three months a clinical follow-up was carried out, which included a standardised questionnaire as to the maximum pain intensity (VAS and verbal scale) and on the need for further treatment. A pain reduction (VAS) of about 50% was evaluated as a success. RESULTS: Pain decreased on average 40 VAS points for ten of eleven patients. The pain reduction on the VAS in group 1 (verum open) was more than 50% for all four patients, in group 3 (placebo blind) for three of four patients, and in group 2 (verum blind) all remained under 50%. The evaluation on the verbal scale showed a pain reduction from moderate to very strong pains initially, to moderate, light and no pain after three months for all three groups. DISCUSSION: The range of application of the laser was limited by the narrow inclusion criteria of the pilot study. The laser acupuncture (open and blinded) did not show a negative effect in any group. The pain reduction was strongest with the blinded patients of the placebo group. The worst performance was in the blinded group with laser acupuncture. CONCLUSION: Due to the low number of participants, no clear conclusion can be drawn. Laser needle acupuncture may be a treatment option for patients with an interest in a noninvasive, complementary therapy. But clarification and treatment planning on an individual basis must take place first.

Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2010 120(3) 213-25

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20238281

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Laser biomodulation on L 929 cell culture.

Pires-Oliveira DA, Oliveira RF, Machado AH, Zangaro RA, Pacheco-Soares C

Universidade Camilo Castelo Branca, Unicastelo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of photobiomodulation using a 904-nm diode laser at two energy densities (6 J/cm(2) and 50 mJ/cm(2)) on L929 fibroblast cells. BACKGROUND: Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) is a non-pharmacological resource that induces important in vitro photobiomodulation on cell cultures and tissues. METHODS: Irradiation was performed for three days at 24-h intervals. After each interval, the cells were stained with MitoTracker Orange and DioC6 dyes to assess the photobiomodulatory effects of irradiation on mitochondrial activity and changes in the endoplasmic reticulum. The MTT assay [3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to evaluate cell proliferation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The fluorescence microscopy assessment of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in cells irradiated with 6 J/cm(2) and 50 mJ/cm(2) demonstrated intense mitochondrial activity, which was confirmed by DioC6 staining. Reticular activity was observed stemming from increased protein synthesis. Photobiomodulation with 50 mJ/cm(2) was slightly higher than with 6 J/cm(2), as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy results. Photobiomodulation was also time-dependent, with better results 72-h after irradiation.

Photomed Laser Surg 2010 Apr 28(2) 167-71

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20232997

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Phototherapy: the challenge to accurately measure irradiance.

Vreman HJ

Indian Pediatr 2010 Feb 7 47(2) 127-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20228426

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Effects of CO2 laser irradiation of the gingiva during tooth movement.

Seiryu, M, Deguchi, T, Fujiyama, K, Sakai, Y, Daimaruya, T, Takano-Yamamoto, T

Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.

Patients often feel pain or discomfort in response to orthodontic force. It was hypothesized that CO(2) laser irradiation may reduce the early responses to nociceptive stimuli during tooth movement. The distribution of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) neurons in the medullary dorsal horn of rats was evaluated. Two hrs after tooth movement, Fos-IR neurons in the ipsilateral part of the medullary dorsal horn increased significantly. CO(2) laser irradiation to the gingiva just after tooth movement caused a significant decrease of Fos-IR neurons. PGP 9.5- and CGRP-positive nerve fibers were observed in the PDL of all study groups. The maximum temperature below the mucosa during CO(2) laser irradiation was less than 40 degrees C. It was suggested that CO(2) laser irradiation reduced the early responses to nociceptive stimuli during tooth movement and might not have adverse effects on periodontal tissue.

J Dent Res 2010 May 89(5) 537-42

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20228277

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