Category Archives: Research

45 new LLLT research papers – August 2009

Posted on 3 August 2009 by James Carroll

45 new LLLT research papers published including

Intraoral vs extraoral LLLT treatment of trismus and facial swelling post lower third molar extraction.
laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy in the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome
Low Level Laser Therapy on Myonecrosis Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Snake Venom.
Phototherapy for reducing the symptoms of hay fever.
Low-Level Laser for Knee Osteoarthritis

Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of the effect two different low-level laser therapies (LLLT)-intraoral and extraoral-on trismus and facial swelling following surgical extraction of the lower third molar.

Aras MH, Gungormus M

Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey, mutanhamdi@hotmail.com.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of extraoral and intraoral low-level laser therapies (LLLT) on postoperative trismus and oedema following the removal of mandibular third molars. Forty-eight patients who were to undergo surgical removal of their lower third molars were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: extraoral LLLT, intraoral LLLT, or placebo. In the study, a Ga-Al-As diode laser device with a continuous wavelength of 808 nm was used, and the laser therapy was applied by using a 1 x 3-cm handpiece. The flat-top laser beam profile was used in this therapy. For both of the LLLT groups, laser energy was applied at 100 mW (0.1 W) for a total of 120 s (0.1 W x 120 s = 12 J). Patients in the extraoral-LLLT group (n = 16) received 12-J (4 J/cm(2)) low-level laser irradiation, and the laser was applied at the insertion point of the masseter muscle immediately after the operation. Patients in the intraoral-LLLT group (n = 16) received 12-J (4 J/cm(2)) low-level laser irradiation intraorally at the operation site 1 cm from the target tissue. In the placebo group (n = 16), the handpiece was inserted intraorally at the operation site and then was touched extraorally to the masseter muscle for 1 min at each site (120 s total), but the laser was not activated. The size of the interincisal opening and facial swelling were evaluated on the second and seventh postoperative days. At the second postoperative day, trismus (29.0 +/- 7.6 mm [p = 0.010]) and swelling (105.3 +/- 5.0 mm [p = 0.047]) in the extraoral-LLLT group were significantly less than in the placebo group (trismus: 21.1 +/- 7.6 mm, swelling: 109.1 +/- 4.4 mm). Trismus (39.6 +/- 9.0 mm [p = 0.002]) in the extraoral-LLLT group at the seventh postoperative day was also significantly less than in the placebo group (29.0 +/- 6.2 mm). However, at the seventh postoperative day in the intraoral-LLLT group, only trismus (35.6 +/- 8.5 [p = 0.002]) was significantly less than in the placebo group (29.0 +/- 6.2 mm). This study demonstrates that extraoral LLLT is more effective than intraoral LLLT for the reduction of postoperative trismus and swelling after extraction of the lower third molar.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 May 31

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19484402

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Short-term effects of high-intensity laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy in the treatment of people with subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.

Santamato A, Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Tondi G, Frisardi V, Leggin BG, Ranieri M, Fiore P

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.

BACKGROUND: Subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is a painful condition resulting from the entrapment of anatomical structures between the anteroinferior corner of the acromion and the greater tuberosity of the humerus. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) versus ultrasound (US) therapy in the treatment of SAIS. DESIGN: The study was designed as a randomized clinical trial. SETTING: The study was conducted in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy patients with SAIS were randomly assigned to a HILT group or a US therapy group. INTERVENTION: Study participants received 10 treatment sessions of HILT or US therapy over a period of 2 consecutive weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Outcome measures were the Constant-Murley Scale (CMS), a visual analog scale (VAS), and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST). RESULTS: For the 70 study participants (42 women and 28 men; mean [SD] age=54.1 years [9.0]; mean [SD] VAS score at baseline=6.4 [1.7]), there were no between-group differences at baseline in VAS, CMS, and SST scores. At the end of the 2-week intervention, participants in the HILT group showed a significantly greater decrease in pain than participants in the US therapy group. Statistically significant differences in change in pain, articular movement, functionality, and muscle strength (force-generating capacity) (VAS, CMS, and SST scores) were observed after 10 treatment sessions from the baseline for participants in the HILT group compared with participants in the US therapy group. In particular, only the difference in change of VAS score between groups (1.65 points) surpassed the accepted minimal clinically important difference for this tool. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by sample size, lack of a control or placebo group, and follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Participants diagnosed with SAIS showed greater reduction in pain and improvement in articular movement functionality and muscle strength of the affected shoulder after 10 treatment sessions of HILT than did participants receiving US therapy over a period of 2 consecutive weeks.

Phys Ther 2009 Jul 89(7) 643-52

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19482902

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Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Myonecrosis Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Snake Venom.

Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Sousa LG, Munin E, Fernandez CM, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR

1 Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP) , Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil .

Abstract Objective: The aim of this work was to investigate the capacity of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) alone or in combination with antivenom (AV) to reduce myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Background Data: Myonecrosis is the most pronounced local effect caused by B. jararacussu venom. AV therapy and other first-aid treatments do not reverse these local effects. Material and Methods: Male Swiss mice were used. Myonecrosis was induced by injection of 0.6 mg/kg of B. jararacussu venom in the right gastrocnemius muscle and was evaluated at 3 or 24 h after venom injection. The site of venom administration was irradiated for 29 s with a low power semiconductor laser (685 nm) at a dose of 4.2 J/cm(2). Intravenous AV therapy (0.5 mL dose) was administered at different times: 30 min before venom injection or 0, 1, or 3 h afterward. Both AV therapy and LLLT treatments were duplicated in mice groups killed at 3 or 24 h. Results: B. jararacussu venom caused a significant myonecrotic effect 3 and 24 h after venom injection. LLLT significantly reduced myonecrosis by 83.5% at 24 h (p < 0.05) but not at 3 h, and AV therapy alone was ineffective for reducing myonecrosis at 3 and 24 h. Conclusion: Only LLLT significantly reduced myonecrosis of the envenomed muscle, suggesting that LLLT is a potentially therapeutic approach for treating the local effects of B. jararacussu venom.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19530909

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Pollen challenge study of a phototherapy device for reducing the symptoms of hay fever.

Emberlin JC, Lewis RA

National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK. j.emberlin@worc.ac.uk

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the effect of intranasal phototherapy delivered by a phototherapy device (allergy reliever SN-206) on symptoms of hay fever (seasonal rhinitis) due to grass pollen in adults. This registered class IIA medical device had been on sale for 15 months with no adverse effects reported but there had been no assessment of efficacy. Previous research had indicated that phototherapy could alleviate symptoms of allergic rhinitis but no double-blind, placebo-controlled trails had been done. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The trial is a double-blind, placebo-controlled grass pollen challenge conducted out of the pollen season, on 101 adult male and female hay fever sufferers. Subjects were assigned to placebo or active groups by stratified random sampling using responses to a baseline questionnaire. All subjects used active or placebo devices three times a day for 14 days before pollen challenge. Subjects were monitored for 2.5 h after challenge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures were observed severity scores for sneezing, running eyes, running nose, and the amount of eosinophil cationic proteins (ECP) in nasal secretions. Secondary outcome measures were symptom scores by subject report (itching eyes, itching nose, itching throat, itching mouth/palate), and nasal peak inspiratory flow (PIFn) and peak expiratory flow (PEFn). RESULTS: Significant reductions in severity of symptom scores were found for sneezing, running nose, running eyes and itchy mouth/palate (p < or = 0.05). No significant differences were found in the results for itchy eyes, itchy nose, itchy throat, ECPs, PIFn and PEFn. No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the device significantly reduced some hay fever symptoms. The study would have been improved if compliance was monitored electronically and if nasal congestion was monitored by report. The mode of action is unclear. The study does not consider long-term implications of the therapy.

Curr Med Res Opin 2009 Jul 25(7) 1635-44

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19476405

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The Effect of Low-Level Laser in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Hegedus B, Viharos L, Gervain M, Galfi M

1 Physio- and Balneotherapy Center , Oroshaza-Gyoparos, Hungary .

Abstract Introduction: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is thought to have an analgesic effect as well as a biomodulatory effect on microcirculation. This study was designed to examine the pain-relieving effect of LLLT and possible microcirculatory changes measured by thermography in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Materials and Methods: Patients with mild or moderate KOA were randomized to receive either LLLT or placebo LLLT. Treatments were delivered twice a week over a period of 4 wk with a diode laser (wavelength 830 nm, continuous wave, power 50 mW) in skin contact at a dose of 6 J/point. The placebo control group was treated with an ineffective probe (power 0.5 mW) of the same appearance. Before examinations and immediately, 2 wk, and 2 mo after completing the therapy, thermography was performed (bilateral comparative thermograph by AGA infrared camera); joint flexion, circumference, and pressure sensitivity were measured; and the visual analogue scale was recorded. Results: In the group treated with active LLLT, a significant improvement was found in pain (before treatment [BT]: 5.75; 2 mo after treatment : 1.18); circumference (BT: 40.45; AT: 39.86); pressure sensitivity (BT: 2.33; AT: 0.77); and flexion (BT: 105.83; AT: 122.94). In the placebo group, changes in joint flexion and pain were not significant. Thermographic measurements showed at least a 0.5 degrees C increase in temperature-and thus an improvement in circulation compared to the initial values. In the placebo group, these changes did not occur. Conclusion: Our results show that LLLT reduces pain in KOA and improves microcirculation in the irradiated area.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19530911

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The potential of light therapy for central nervous system injury and disease.

Anders JJ

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 27(3) 379-80

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19569951

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High-tech bandages lighten the load of light therapy.

Evans J

Nat Med 2009 Jul 15(7) 713

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19584845

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Phototherapy promotes healing of chronic diabetic leg ulcers that failed to respond to other therapies.

Minatel DG, Frade MA, Franca SC, Enwemeka CS

Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that combined 660 and 890 nm LED phototherapy will promote healing of diabetic ulcers that failed to respond to other forms of treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A double-blind randomized placebo controlled design was used to study 23 diabetic leg ulcers in two groups of 14 patients. Group one ulcers were cleaned, dressed with 1% silver sulfadiazine cream and treated with “placebo” phototherapy (<1.0 J cm(-2)) twice per week, using a Dynatron Solaris 705(R) device. Group two ulcers were treated similarly but received 3 J cm(-2) dose. RESULTS: At each of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days of healing, mean ulcer granulation and healing rates were significantly higher for group two than the “placebo” group (P < 0.02). While “placebo” treated ulcers worsened during the initial 30 days, group two ulcers healed rapidly; achieving 56% more granulation and 79.2% faster healing by day 30, and maintaining similarly higher rates of granulation and healing over the “placebo” group all through. By day 90, 58.3% of group two ulcers had healed fully and 75% had achieved 90-100% healing. In contrast, only one “placebo” treated ulcer healed fully by day 90; no other ulcer attained > or =90% healing. CONCLUSION: Combined 660 and 890 nm light promotes rapid granulation and healing of diabetic ulcers that failed to respond to other forms of treatment.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Aug 41(6) 433-41

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19588536

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Effects of low-level laser therapy after Corticision on tooth movement and paradental remodeling.

Kim SJ, Moon SU, Kang SG, Park YG

Department of Orthodontics, Oral Biology Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, Korea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both Corticision and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) are known to affect the rate of tooth movement. Our objective was to investigate the combined effects of Corticision and LLLT on the tooth movement rate and paradental remodeling in beagles. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The maxillary second premolars (n = 24) of 12 beagles were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 per group) based on the treatment modality: group A, only orthodontic force (control); group B, orthodontic force plus Corticision; group C, orthodontic force plus LLLT; group D, orthodontic force plus Corticision and LLLT. RESULTS: Ratios of second premolar-to-canine movement were greater by 2.23-fold in group B and 2.08-fold in group C, but 0.52-fold lesser in group D than in group A. The peak velocity was observed at an earlier stage of tooth movement in group B but at a later stage in group C during the 8-week treatment period. At week 8, both tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts on the compression side and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive osteoblasts on the tension side increased significantly (P<.05) in group C but decreased in group D. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the mean apposition length of newly formed mineralized bone during the 8 weeks of treatment significantly increased in both group B (2.8-fold) and group C (2.2-fold). In group D, the labeling lines on lamina dura were thin and discontinuous, but intratrabecular remodeling and lamellation were found to be active. CONCLUSION: Periodic LLLT after Corticision around a moving tooth decreased the tooth movement rate and alveolar remodeling activity. Lasers Surg. Med. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Jul 28

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19639625

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Effects of diode laser therapy on the acellular dermal matrix.

Soares LP, de Oliveira MG, de Almeida Reis SR

Department of Oralmaxillofacial Surgery, PUCRS School of Dentistry, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, liviaps@ibest.com.br.

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) was subcutaneously implanted into calvarian skin of male Wistar rats (n = 40). Low-level laser (lambda 685 nm, 4 J/cm(2)) was locally applied in experimental group (n = 20) above the skin flap. Grafts were harvested at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery and underwent histological analyses. In treated animals, the extent of edema and the number of inflammatory cells were reduced (P < 0.05). The amount of collagen in graft treated with low-level laser were significantly higher than those of controls (P < 0.05) and were statistically more prominent on the 14th day after surgery. The mean count of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the low-laser therapy group within the 3rd day, showing a marked influx of fibroblasts into area. In conclusion, wound healing of the ADM appear to be positively affected by laser therapy.

Cell Tissue Bank 2009 Jul 11

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19593638

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In vitro effect of carboplatin, cytarabine, paclitaxel, vincristine, and low-power laser irradiation on murine mesenchymal stem cells.

Horvat-Karajz K, Balogh Z, Kovacs V, Drrernat AH, Sreter L, Uher F

Second Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary. karoly.horvat-karajz@oncology.hu

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising for use in regenerative medicine. Cytostatics can decrease, but low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) can increase the growth of MSCs. The interaction of LPLI, MSCs and cytostatics is not known. This study investigated the effect of four cytostatics (carboplatin, cytarabine, paclitaxel, vincristine), LPLI, and combination of a cytostatic drug and LPLI on murine MSCs (mMSCs). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: MMSCs were exposed to LPLI (660 nm diode laser; 60 mW output power; range of power density: 76-156 mW/cm(2); range of energy density: 1.9-11.7 J/cm(2)) and/or a cytostatic drug (carboplatin: 2, 10, 50; cytarabine: 0.4, 10, 50; paclitaxel: 0.4, 2, 10; vincristine: 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 microg/ml, respectively). Cell proliferation was measured after 24, 48, or 72 hours incubation. RESULTS: LPLI at 1.9 J/cm(2) dose increased the proliferation rate with 41% after 48 hours. However, 11.7 J/cm(2) LPLI caused 42% inhibition and cytostasis was still detectable after 72 hours. LPLI caused equivalent stimulation in single or in divided doses (3.8 vs. double 1.9 J/cm(2) in a 24-hour period). The cytotoxicity of 50 microg/ml carboplatin was eliminated, the inhibitory power of 0.1 microg/ml vincristine was attenuated by 1.9 J/cm(2) LPLI even 3 days post-treatment (attenuation >10%). The 11.7 J/cm(2) LPLI enhanced the cytotoxicity of 50 microg/ml cytarabine (from 48% to 73%) and 10 microg/ml paclitaxel (from 37% to 78%). Combination of the ineffective 0.4 microg/ml cytarabine or paclitaxel with the inhibitory 11.7 J/cm(2) LPLI exhibited stronger inhibition than the 11.7 J/cm(2) LPLI alone (69% and 69% vs. 42%). CONCLUSIONS: Low energy density of LPLI increases and high energy density of LPLI decreases the proliferation of mMSCs. Furthermore, LPLI can prevent or attenuate some drug’s cytotoxicity and amplify others’. The result depends on the applied energy density, on the type and concentration of the cytostatics.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Aug 41(6) 463-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19588531

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Regulation of Skin Collagen Metabolism In Vitro Using a Pulsed 660 nm LED Light Source: Clinical Correlation with a Single-Blinded Study.

Barolet D, Roberge CJ, Auger FA, Boucher A, Germain L

[1] RoseLab Skin Optics Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [2] Department of Medicine, Dermatology Division, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

It has been reported that skin aging is associated with a downregulation in collagen synthesis and an elevation in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. This study investigated the potential of light-emitting diode (LED) treatments with a 660 nm sequentially pulsed illumination formula in the Photobiomodulation of these molecules. Histological and biochemical changes were first evaluated in a tissue-engineered Human Reconstructed Skin (HRS) model after 11 sham or LED light treatments. LED effects were then assessed in aged/photoaged individuals in a split-face single-blinded study. Results yielded a mean percent difference between LED-treated and non-LED-treated HRS of 31% in levels of type-1 procollagen and of -18% in MMP-1. No histological changes were observed. Furthermore, profilometry quantification revealed that more than 90% of individuals showed a reduction in rhytid depth and surface roughness, and, via a blinded clinical assessment, that 87% experienced a reduction in the Fitzpatrick wrinkling severity score after 12 LED treatments. No adverse events or downtime were reported. Our study showed that LED therapy reversed collagen downregulation and MMP-1 upregulation. This could explain the improvements in skin appearance observed in LED-treated individuals. These findings suggest that LED at 660 nm is a safe and effective collagen-enhancement strategy.Journal of Investigative Dermatology advance online publication, 9 July 2009; doi:10.1038/jid.2009.186.

J Invest Dermatol 2009 Jul 9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19587693

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Photomedicine and LLLT Literature Watch.

Carroll JD

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 27(3) 529-30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19569958

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Phototherapy miracles in a nutshell.

Sommer AP, Zhu D

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 27(3) 527-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19569957

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Assessment of cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum of fibroblast cells subjected to low-level laser therapy and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.

Oliveira DA, De Oliveira RF, Magini M, Zangaro RA, Soares CP

Laboratorio de Dinamica de Compartimento Celular, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), UNIVAP, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum of L929 cells. Thermal and non-thermal physical mechanisms such as LLLT and LIPUS induce clinically significant responses in cells, tissues, and organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: L929 fibroblast cell cultures were irradiated with LLLT and subjected to LIPUS. Cultures irradiated with the laser (904 nm) were divided into three groups: group I, control (no irradiation); group II, irradiated at 6 J/cm(2); and group III, irradiated at 50 mJ/cm(2). Cultures subjected to ultrasound were divided into five groups: group I, control (no LIPUS); group II, LIPUS at 0.2 W/cm(2) in pulsed mode at 10% (1:9 duty cycle); group III, LIPUS at 0.6 W/cm(2) in pulsed mode at 10% (1:9 duty cycle); group IV, LIPUS at 0.2 W/cm(2) in pulsed mode at 20% (2:8 duty cycle); and group V, LIPUS at 0.6 W/cm(2) in pulsed mode at 20% (2:8 duty cycle). Each group was irradiated at 24-h intervals, with the following post-treatment incubation times: 24, 48, and 72 h. The effects of LLLT and LIPUS on the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum was evaluated by the use of fluorescent probes and with fluorescence microscopy analysis. RESULTS: The results following LLLT and LIPUS demonstrate that ultrasound was more effective than laser on fibroblast cell cultures when the endoplasmic reticulum was assessed, whereas there was a better distribution of the filaments of the cytoskeleton in the cells subjected to laser irradiation. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that both LLLT and LIPUS promote changes on the cellular level. However, LIPUS was more effective than LLLT at the doses used here, as assessed by fluorescence microscopy, which revealed increased reticulum activity and increased protein synthesis. However, when the organization of actin filaments was assessed, LLLT achieved a better result.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 27(3) 461-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19569956

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Effect of low-level laser treatment of tissue-engineered skin substitutes: contraction of collagen lattices.

Ho G, Barbenel J, Grant MH

Exploit Technologies, Biomedical Sciences Division, Agency of Science and Technology (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #09-02 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore.

Fibroblast-populated collagen lattices (FPCL) are widely used in tissue-engineered artificial skin substitutes, but their main drawback is that interaction of fibroblasts and matrix causes contraction of the lattice, reducing it to about 20% of its original area. The effect of low-level laser treatment (LLLT) on the behavior of 3T3 fibroblasts seeded in collagen lattices containing 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate was investigated to determine whether LLLT could control the contraction of FPCL. A He-Ne laser was used at 632.8 nm to deliver a 5-mW continuous wave with fluences from 1 to 4 Jcm(2). Laser treatment at 3 Jcm(2) increased contraction of collagen lattices in the absence of cells but decreased contraction of cell seeded lattices over a 7-day period. The effect was energy dependent and was not observed at 1, 2, or 4 Jcm(2). There was no alteration in fibroblast viability, morphology, or mitochondrial membrane potential after any laser treatments, but the distribution of actin fibers within the cells and collagen fibers in the matrices was disturbed at 3 Jcm(2). These effects contribute to the decrease in contraction observed. LLLT may offer a means to control contraction of FPCL used as artificial skin substitutes.

J Biomed Opt 2009 May-Jun 14(3) 034002

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19566296

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Wavelength effect in temporomandibular joint pain: a clinical experience.

Carvalho CM, de Lacerda JA, Dos Santos Neto FP, Cangussu MC, Marques AM, Pinheiro AL

Laser Center, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Araujo Pinho, 62, Canela, 40140-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are common painful multifactorial conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and whose treatment depends on the type and symptoms. Initially, it requires pain control, and, for this, drugs, biting plates, occlusal adjustment, physiotherapy or their association are used. Lately, laser phototherapy (LPT) has been used in the treatment of pain of several origins, including TMDs. This study reports the treatment of a selected group of 74 patients treated at the Laser Center of the Federal University of Bahia between 2003 and 2008. Following standard anamneses, clinical and imaging examination and with the diagnosis of any type of TMD, the patients were prepared for LPT. No other intervention was carried out during the treatment. Treatment consisted of three sessions a week for 6 weeks. Prior to irradiation, the patients were asked to score their pain using a visual analog scale (VAS). Lasers of wavelength (lambda)780 nm, lambda790 nm or lambda830 nm and/or lambda660 nm were used at each session (30/40 mW; spot (varphi) approximately 3 mm; mean dose per session 14.2 +/- 6.8 J/cm(2); mean treatment dose of 170 +/- 79.8 J/cm(2)). Of the patients, 80% were female ( approximately 46 years old). At the end of the 12 sessions the patients were again examined, and they scored their pain using the VAS. The results were statistically analyzed and showed that 64% of the patients were asymptomatic or had improved after treatment and that the association of both wavelengths was statistically significant (P = 0.02) in the asymptomatic group. It was concluded that the association of red and infrared (IR) laser light was effective in pain reduction on TMJ disorders of several origins.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Jun 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19565312

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Radiant Power Determination of Low-Level Laser Therapy Equipment and Characterization of Its Clinical Use Procedures.

Guirro RR, Weis LC

1 Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University Sao Paulo , Brazil .

Abstract Objective: The main objectives of this study were to characterize low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and the physical therapy clinical procedures for its use. Background Data: There are few scientific studies that characterize the calibration of LLLT equipment. Materials and Methods: Forty lasers at 36 physical therapy clinics were selected. The equipment was characterized through data collected from the owner manuals, direct consultation with the manufacturers, and a questionnaire answered by the users. A digital potency analyzer was used to calibrate released mean potency. Qualitative data were presented throughout the descriptive statistics and quantitative data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher tests (significance, p < 0.05). Results: The laser equipment was either AsGa (70.5%) or HeNe (23.5%), and 60% was analog and acquired over 5 years ago. The majority of the equipment was used 10-15 times per week and the most frequent density level used was 2 to 4 J/cm(2). Protective goggles were available in only 19.4% of the clinics evaluated. The association between the analyzed categories demonstrated that a lower mean potency was correlated both with equipment acquired over 5 years ago and analog technology. The determined mean potency was lower than the one claimed by the manufacturer (p < 0.05). In 30 cases, the analyzed equipment presented a potency between 3 mW and 5.6 mW; in three cases, the potency was >25 mW; and in seven cases, potency was nonexistent. Conclusion: The analyzed equipment was out-dated and periodical maintenance was not conducted, which was reflected in the low irradiated potency.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 29

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19563243

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[Relationship between laser acupuncture analgesia and the function of mast cells]

Cheng K, Shen XY, Ding GH, Wu F

Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 201203, China. cheng_ker@hotmail.com

OBJECTIVE: To observe the analgesic effects of single-and combined-laser irradiation with low-intensity applied at “Zusanli” (ST 36) in rats, and their relation to degranulation of mast cells. METHODS: Sixty-six SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group (Group NC), model control group (Group MC), sham irradiation group (Group SI), 10.6 microm laser irradiation group (Group 10.6 microm LI), 650 nm laser irradiation group (Group 650 nm LI) and combined (10.6 microm + 650 nm) laser irradiation group (Group CLI). Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (0.05 mL) was injected into the left ankle joints of all the rats except those in Group NC to cause acute adjuvant-induced arthritis. In treatment, laser irradiation was applied at “Zusanli” (ST 36) for 30 minutes in all the rats except those in Group NC and Group MC. The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to radian heat was used to compare analgesic effects among the groups. By means of toluidine blue, dyed slices of local tissues of “Zusanli” (ST 36) were used to observe changes of mast cell degranulation before and after laser irradiation. RESULTS: The pain thresholds to irradiation of the rats in Group 650 nm LI and Group CLI were significantly higher than those in Group MC and Group SI (P < 0.01), and the mast cell degranulation rate in Group 650 nm LI and Group CLI were also significantly higher than that in Group MC and Group SI (P < 0.001). The pain threshold and mast cell degranulation rate in Group 10. 6 microm LI were not significantly different from those in Group MC and Group SI. There was a linear correlation between mast cell degranulation rate and PWL with 0. 737 in coefficient (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Single 650 nm laser and combined 650 nm + 10.6 microm laser with low intensity irradiated at “Zusanli” (ST 36) in acute adjuvant rats can provide remarkable analgesic effects, and there was a positive correlation between mast cell degranulation rate and analgesic effects, which plays an important part in laser irradiation-induced analgesia.

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2009 Jun 29(6) 478-83

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19563196

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Laser acupuncture for acute inflammatory, visceral and neuropathic pain relief: An experimental study in the laboratory rat.

Lorenzini L, Giuliani A, Giardino L, Calza L

DIMORFIPA, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (Bologna), Italy.

Laser acupuncture is defined as the stimulation of traditional acupuncture points with low-intensity, non-thermal laser irradiation. We explored the clinical efficacy of a very low level diode laser wavelength 670nm (Biolite LP020, RGM, Genoa, Italy), used to stimulate acupoints ST36 Zu San Li and TH5 Waiguan, on well-established experimental models of acute and persistent pain in the rat, e.g. acute inflammatory pain, muscle pain, visceral pain and neuropathic pain. We report the anti-edema and anti-hyperalgesia effects of laser acupuncture in models of acute inflammatory pain, e.g. CFA-induced inflammation and myofascial pain. We also indicate that spontaneous pain and thermal hyperalgesia are reduced in a neuropathic pain model, e.g. axotomy. On the contrary, no effects due to laser-acupuncture were observed on disconfort indices in a model of visceral pain, e.g. cystitis due to cyclophosphamide. We thus provide evidences that acupoints stimulation using a very low intensity laser irradiation can control pain and edema in specific experimental conditions.

Res Vet Sci 2009 Jun 26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19560793

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Imaging membrane intercalating near infrared dyes to track multiple cell populations.

Roy EJ, Sivaguru M, Fried G, Gray BD, Kranz DM

Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.

Given the increasing interest in understanding in vivo migration of different cell types, it would be useful to have a simple method for tracking multiple cell populations in animals. Here we evaluated near infrared (NIR) dyes that intercalate into cell membranes as cell tracking labels, using both high-throughput and high-resolution methods. We tracked cells in tissues containing significant autofluorescence. CellVue Burgundy (ex 683/em 707) and CellVue NIR815 (ex 786/em 814) are especially useful because their spectral properties match the laser and detectors of the LI-COR laser scanner. After labeling cells ex vivo and injecting them into tumor-bearing mice, the distribution of cells in tumor and organs could be quantified in tissue sections with high throughput by scanning many slides at once. For example, we compared brain tumor infiltration and organ distribution of naive and activated lymphocytes in single animals. High-resolution microscopic examination of the same tissues could be done by a relatively inexpensive modification of an epifluorescence microscope using a custom designed diode laser light source. Light emitting diodes that emit 685 nm and 780 nm light allowed microscopic visualization of the NIR labeled cells in tissues. The NIR dye-labeled cells were visualized with a greater signal/noise ratio compared to visible wavelength dyes such as CFSE, because of the low levels of autofluorescence in the NIR range. We also describe a simple modification of immunohistochemical procedures that allows combined visualization of the hydrophobic NIR dyes and antibody probes of cell markers in unfixed tissue. In combination these techniques will facilitate cell tracking in vivo.

J Immunol Methods 2009 Jun 24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19559026

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[Comparative estimation of lazer devices in complex treatment of oral cavity mucous membrane diseases]

The aim of the study was to compare laser devices “Optodan” and portative laser “Baure” in complex treatment of oral cavity mucous membrane diseases. We studied 90 patients: 54 female (60,0+/-0,77%) and 36 (30,0+/-0,7%) men from 18 to 45 years old. All patients had different forms of oral mucosal diseases: Stomatitis aphtosa chronica recidiva had 36 patients (28,9+/-0,9%); Erythema exudativum multiforme – 10 patients (6,7+/-1,5%), Candidosis angulitis – 26 patients (17,8+/-1,46%), Lichen ruber planus ulceroza – 4 patients (4,44+/-1,03%), Trauma mechanicum acutium – 12 patients (11,06+/-2,8%), Stomatitis herpetica – 28 patients (31,1+/-1,48%). All the patients were practically healthy and had no contraindications for physiotherapy. Before treatment to all patients had been recommended means of individual hygiene and several recommendations. The patients were divided into two groups. Every group consisted of 45 patients. 13 patients with Stomatitis aphtosa chronica recidiva, 14 – Stomatitis herpetica, 3 – Erythema exudativum multiforme, 8 – Candidosis angulitis, 2 – Lichen ruber planus ulceroza, 5 – Trauma mechanicum acutium. All the patients underwent symptomatic treatment according to the form and gravity of disease. Patients in a first group in addition had laserotherapy with a laser device “Optodan”. Patients in a second group underwent laserotherapy with a portative device (Baurer). The positive results were achieved in both groups, though the first group patients mentioned considerable reduce of pain right after procedures. Our research proved the high effectiveness of laserotherapy in complex treatment of oral cavity mucous membrane diseases. Treatment with device “Optodan” is the most preferable.

Georgian Med News 2009 May (170) 27-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19556634

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[The results of the treatment of gunshot wounds by applying laser therapy]

The treatment results of not penetrating in cavities surface gunshot wounds of border regional hospitals are studied. The injured are divided into 3 groups depending on the terms of first surgical processing of wounds. It is mentioned that putting dense sutures is not always justified. Very often inflammatory infiltrate and suppuration is arisen after suturing. Inflammatory process develops into tumoral and cicatricial disorders which are removed by surgical intervention. The gunshot wound processing with helium-neon red ray made favorable conditions for early closing of wound surface by means of saturation with bringing the edges of the wound closer and preventing the development of severe suppuration complications as well as reduced the treatment terms promoting good functional and cosmetic results.

Georgian Med News 2009 May (170) 14-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19556630

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Low-level laser therapy attenuates creatine kinase levels and apoptosis during forced swimming in rats.

Sussai DA, Carvalho PD, Dourado DM, Belchior AC, Dos Reis FA, Pereira DM

Postgraduate Program in Health Science and Development in the Central Western Region, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Rua Abrico do Para, 146, Caranda Bosque, 79032-423, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.

Studies suggest that high-intensity physical exercise can cause damage to skeletal muscles, resulting in muscle soreness, fatigue, inflammatory processes and cell apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on a decrease in creatine kinase (CK) levels and cell apoptosis. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups: group 1 (control), resistance swimming; group 2 (LLLT), resistance swimming with LLLT. They were subjected to a single application of indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP) laser immediately following the exercise for 40 s at an output power of 100 mW, wavelength 660 nm and 133.3 J/cm(2). The groups were subdivided according to sample collection time: 24 h and 48 h. CK was measured before and both 24 h and 48 h after the test. Samples of the gastrocnemius muscle were processed to determine the presence of apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling. (There was a significant difference in CK levels between groups (P < 0.0001) as well as between the 24 h and 48 h levels in the control group, whereas there was no significant intra-group difference in the LLLT group at the same evaluation times. In the LLLT group there were 66.3 +/- 13.2 apoptotic cells after 24 h and 39.0 +/- 6.8 apoptotic cells after 48 h. The results suggest that LLLT influences the metabolic profile of animals subjected to fatigue by lowering serum levels of CK. This demonstrates that LLLT can act as a preventive tool against cell apoptosis experienced during high-intensity physical exercise.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Jun 25

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19554361

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Effects of low-level laser therapy on bone formed after distraction osteogenesis.

Hubler R, Blando E, Gaiao L, Kreisner PE, Post LK, Xavier CB, de Oliveira MG

School of Physics, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Predio 10, sala 222, Caixa Postal 1429, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

This study evaluated the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the chemical composition, crystallinity and crystalline structure of bone at the site of distraction osteogenesis. Five rabbits were subjected to distraction osteogenesis (latency = 3 days; rate and frequency = 0.7 mm/day for 7 days; consolidation = 10 days), and three were given LLLT with arsenide-gallium-aluminum (AsGaAl; 830 nm, 40 mW): 10 J/cm(2) dose per spot, applied directly to the distraction osteogenesis site during the consolidation stage at 48 h intervals. Samples were harvested at the end of the consolidation stage. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze chemical composition, crystallinity and crystalline structure of bone at the distraction osteogenesis site. The analysis of chemical composition and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ratios revealed greater mineralization in the LLLT group. Diffractograms showed that the crystalline structure of the samples was similar to that of hydroxyapatites. Crystallinity percentages were greater in rabbits that were given LLLT. Crystallinity (41.14% to 54.57%) and the chemical composition of the bone at the distraction osteogenesis site were similar to the that of the control group (42.37% to 49.29%). The results showed that LLLT had a positive effect on the biomodulation of newly formed bone.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Jun 23

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19548055

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Comparison of splinting and splinting plus low-level laser therapy in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.

Yagci I, Elmas O, Akcan E, Ustun I, Gunduz OH, Guven Z

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

This study aimed to compare the short-term efficacy of splinting (S) and splinting plus low-level laser therapy (SLLLT) in mild or moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) with a prospective, randomized controlled study. The patients with unilateral, mild, or moderate idiopathic CTS who experienced symptoms over 3 months were included in the study. The SLLLT group received ten sessions of laser therapy and splinting while S group was given only splints. The patients were evaluated at the baseline and after 3 months of the treatment. Follow-up parameters were nerve conduction study (NCS), Boston Questionnaire (BQ), grip strength, and clinical response criteria. Forty-five patients with CTS completed the study. Twenty-four patients were in S and 21 patients were in SLLLT group. In the third-month control, SLLLT group had significant improvements on both clinical and NCS parameters (median motor nerve distal latency, median sensory nerve conduction velocities, BQ symptom severity scale, and BQ functional capacity scale) while S group had only symptomatic healing (BQ symptom severity scale). The grip strength of splinting group was decreased significantly. According to clinical response criteria, in SLLLT group, five (23.8%) patients had full and 12 (57.1%) had partial recovery; four (19%) patients had no change or worsened. In S group, one patient (4.2%) had full and 17 (70.8%) partial recovery; six (25%) patients had no change or worsened. Additionally, applied laser therapy provided better outcomes on NCS but not in clinical parameters in patients with CTS.

Clin Rheumatol 2009 Jun 21

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19544043

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Surgical approach with Er:YAG laser on osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) in patients under bisphosphonate therapy (BPT).

Vescovi P, Manfredi M, Merigo E, Meleti M, Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Nammour S

Oral Medicine and Laser-Assisted Surgery Unit- Section of Dentistry – Department of ENT/Dental/Ophtalmological and Cervico-Facial Sciences, EMDOLA (European Master Degree on Oral Laser Applications) – University of Parma, Parma, Italy, paolo.vescovi@unipr.it.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in patients on long-term bisphosphonate Therapy (BPT) has been reported with increasing frequency in literature over the past 4 years. Therapy for this condition is still a dilemma. Temporary suspension of BPT offers no short-term benefits; hyperbaric oxygen has no proven efficacy and therefore is not recommended. Intermittent or continuous antibiotic therapy with surgical debridement can be beneficial to palliate the symptoms. Er:YAG laser can be used to eliminate necrotic bone portions by partial or total resection as an alternative to conventional rotary devices. In our study, 91 patients affected by ONJ-BP lesion, for a total of 115 ONJ sites were observed between January 2004 and May 2008 (Department of Odontostomatology, University of Parma). Fifty-five ONJ sites were considered for this study in four different groups, retrospectively identified on the basis of treatment performed (G1-G4). G1: 13 ONJ-BP sites were treated with medical therapy (amoxicillin 1gr x 3/die per os with metronidazole 250 mg x 2/die per os) for at least 2 weeks; G2: 17 ONJ-BP sites received medical treatment in association with cycles of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) applications performed using an Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) once a week for 2 months; G3: 13 ONJ-BP sites were surgically treated (sequestrectomy of necrotic bone, debridement, corticotomy/surgical removal of alveolar and/or cortical bone); G4: 12 ONJ-BP sites were treated with surgical therapy performed using an Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm) in association with LLLT. Clinical success has been defined for each treatment performed as: (a) complete mucosal healing free from signs and symptoms (classified as stage “0”) or (b) transition from a higher to a lower stage (Ruggiero staging) for at least 3 months. All the ONJ-BP sites treated with Er:YAG laser (G4 group) had a clinical improvement (100%) and 87.5% of sites had a complete mucosal healing with a mean follow-up of 13 months. The result obtained in the G4 is extremely significant in comparison with those obtained by medical treatment alone or in a traditional surgical approach. Thanks to the high degree of affinity of this wavelength for water and hydroxyapatite, both soft and bone tissues can be easily treated. This technique can also be used for conservative operations whereby necrotic bone is vaporized until healthy bone is reached. In addition, an additional advantage of the Er:YAG laser is its bactericidal and possible biostimulatory action, accelerating the healing of both soft tissues and bone tissues, in comparison to conventional treatments. In conclusion, from our experience, it is possible to observe that an early conservative surgical approach with Er:YAG laser associated with LLLT, for BP-induced ONJ could be considered as more efficient in comparison with medical therapy or other conventional techniques.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Jun 19

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19543768

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Effectiveness of interventions of specific complaints of the arm, neck, or shoulder (CANS): musculoskeletal disorders of the hand.

van Middelkoop M, Huisstede BM, Glerum S, Koes BW

Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide an evidence-based overview of the effectiveness of (conservative and surgical) interventions for the 4 specific pain disorders of the hand: trigger finger, primary Raynaud’s phenomenon, Dupuytren disease, and De Quervain’s disease. This information can help clinicians in the selection of interventions in daily practice, and may give direction to future research. METHODS: Relevant review publications and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in PubMed were searched. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed. To summarize the results of the included reviews and RCTs, a best-evidence synthesis was used. RESULTS: For primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (1 review, 20 RCTs), we found strong evidence for calcium channel blockers and moderate evidence for laser therapy. Limited evidence was found for Ketanserin, Prozasin, Buflomedil, transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches, Ginkgo biloba, and behavioral treatment with temperature feedback. Other interventions did not show clear favorable treatment effects. For Trigger finger one very small RCT was found that showed limited evidence for steroid injection. For Dupuytren disease (4 RCTs) limited evidence was found in favor of use of staples versus sutures in the Dupuytren’s surgery, and for intermittent compression on the postoperative hand after surgery. For other interventions no clear positive effects could be demonstrated. For De Quervain’s disease (2 RCTs), we found no efficacy of Nimesulide as addition to a Triamcinolone injection, and no clear differences between a corticosteroid injection and a splint in pregnant patients or patients breast-feeding. DISCUSSION: Well-designed and well-conducted RCTs are clearly needed in this field.

Clin J Pain 2009 Jul-Aug 25(6) 537-52

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19542803

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Reduced axonal transport in Parkinson’s disease cybrid neurites is restored by light therapy.

Trimmer PA, Schwartz KM, Borland MK, De Taboada L, Streeter J, Oron U

University of Virginia, Morris K Udall Parkinson’s Research Center of Excellence and Department of Neurology, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. pat5q@virginia.edu.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that reduced axonal transport contributes to the degeneration of neuronal processes in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mitochondria supply the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed to support axonal transport and contribute to many other cellular functions essential for the survival of neuronal cells. Furthermore, mitochondria in PD tissues are metabolically and functionally compromised. To address this hypothesis, we measured the velocity of mitochondrial movement in human transmitochondrial cybrid “cytoplasmic hybrid” neuronal cells bearing mitochondrial DNA from patients with sporadic PD and disease-free age-matched volunteer controls (CNT). The absorption of low level, near-infrared laser light by components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) enhances mitochondrial metabolism, stimulates oxidative phosphorylation and improves redox capacity. PD and CNT cybrid neuronal cells were exposed to near-infrared laser light to determine if the velocity of mitochondrial movement can be restored by low level light therapy (LLLT). Axonal transport of labeled mitochondria was documented by time lapse microscopy in dopaminergic PD and CNT cybrid neuronal cells before and after illumination with an 810 nm diode laser (50 mW/cm2) for 40 seconds. Oxygen utilization and assembly of mtETC complexes were also determined. RESULTS: The velocity of mitochondrial movement in PD cybrid neuronal cells (0.175 +/- 0.005 SEM) was significantly reduced (p < 0.02) compared to mitochondrial movement in disease free CNT cybrid neuronal cells (0.232 +/- 0.017 SEM). For two hours after LLLT, the average velocity of mitochondrial movement in PD cybrid neurites was significantly (p < 0.003) increased (to 0.224 +/- 0.02 SEM) and restored to levels comparable to CNT. Mitochondrial movement in CNT cybrid neurites was unaltered by LLLT (0.232 +/- 0.017 SEM). Assembly of complexes in the mtETC was reduced and oxygen utilization was altered in PD cybrid neuronal cells. PD cybrid neuronal cell lines with the most dysfunctional mtETC assembly and oxygen utilization profiles were least responsive to LLLT. CONCLUSION: The results from this study support our proposal that axonal transport is reduced in sporadic PD and that a single, brief treatment with near-infrared light can restore axonal transport to control levels. These results are the first demonstration that LLLT can increase axonal transport in model human dopaminergic neuronal cells and they suggest that LLLT could be developed as a novel treatment to improve neuronal function in patients with PD.

Mol Neurodegener 2009 4 26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19534794

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Effects of low intensity laser irradiation during healing of skin lesions in the rat.

Nussbaum EL, Mazzulli T, Pritzker KP, Heras FL, Jing F, Lilge L

Department of Physical Therapy, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. e.nussbaum@utoronto.ca

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether laser light can improve healing of skin wounds by killing wound bacteria while simultaneously accelerating host tissue activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wounds on the rat dorsum were irradiated or sham-irradiated three times weekly from days 1 to 19 using 635 or 808 nm diode lasers at 1 or 20 J/cm(2). Wound area and bacterial growth were evaluated three times weekly. Histological analysis was performed on days 8 and 19. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on day 19. RESULTS: Wounds that were irradiated using 635 nm light at 1 J/cm(2) healed similarly to controls. Wounds that were irradiated using 808 nm (1 and 20 J/cm(2), P<0.0001) and 808 nm light (1 J/cm(2), P<0.0001; 20 J/cm(2), P = 0.02). In particular, the presence of normal skin flora decreased (P<0.0001-0.0002) and, when using 808 nm light, the presence of S. aureus increased (P = 0.0001). There was histological evidence of advanced repair using 635 nm at 1 J/cm(2) at day 8 (ASL<0.04). In contrast, markers of acute repair were increased and of late repair were decreased at day 19 using 635 nm at 20 J/cm(2) (ASL<0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that while clearing wounds of certain bacteria is feasible it does not necessarily translate into a healing advantage. When normal flora are disturbed, environmental organisms more readily colonize the wound surface. It is not clear when using 808 nm light whether the loss of normal flora in the wound alone is responsible for the proliferation of S. aureus or whether the light adds to the effect by stimulating S. aureus growth.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Jul 41(5) 372-81

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19533760

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Effect of photodynamic therapy on the healing of cutaneous third-degree-burn: histological study in rats.

Garcia VG, de Lima MA, Okamoto T, Milanezi LA, Junior EC, Fernandes LA, de Almeida JM, Theodoro LH

Study and Research Group in Lasers in Dentistry, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Jose Bonifacio, 1193, 16015-500, Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, vgouveia@foa.unesp.br.

The aim of this study was to conduct a histological assessment of the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the repairing of third-degree-burn wounds made on the backs of rats with a heated scalpel. Ninety-six rats were divided into groups: G1, control (n = 24), cold scalpel; G2, burned, heated scalpel (n = 24); G3, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (n = 24), on burns; and G4, photodynamic therapy (PDT) (n = 24), toluidine-O blue (100 microg/ml) and LLLT treatment on burns. The laser (685 nm) was applied in continuous mode, 50 mW, 4.5 J/cm(2), contact mode at nine points (9 s/point). Eight animals in each group were killed at 3 days, 7 days or 14 days after surgery, and tissue specimens containing the whole wounded area were removed and processed for histological analysis; the results were statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s tests (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated significant differences between G2 and G3, and between G2 and G4, at both 3 days and 7 days, with regard to acute inflammation scores; G1 and G2 showed significant differences when compared with G4 at 3 days, with regard to neo-angiogenesis scores; G1 and G2 were statistically different from G3 and G4 at both 3 days and 7 days, with regard to re-epithelization scores; G2 showed statistically significant differences when compared with G3 and G4 with regard to collagen fiber scores at 7 days. LLLT and PDT acted as a biostimulating coadjuvant agent, balancing the undesirable effect of the burn on the wound healing process, acting mainly in the early healing stages, hastening inflammation and increasing collagen deposition.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Jun 17

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19533211

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Utilization of Low-Intensity Laser During Healing of Free Gingival Grafts.

Almeida AL, Esper LA, Sbrana MC, Ribeiro IW, Kaizer RO

Department of Periodontology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo , Brazil .

Abstract Objectives: This study evaluates the action of a low-intensity diode laser with gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) active medium on the healing process and analgesia in individuals undergoing free gingival grafts. Material and Method: Ten individuals needing bilateral gingival graft in the mandibular arch were enrolled in a double-blind study. Each individual had a 30-d interval between the two surgeries. The side receiving application of laser was defined as test side and was established upon surgery; laser application was simulated on the control side. The laser was applied in the immediate postoperative period and after 48 h, and patients rated pain on a scale of 0 to 10, representing minimal and maximal pain, respectively. Photographs were obtained at 7, 15, 30, and 60 d postoperatively and evaluated by five periodontists. Results: No statistically significant difference was found at any postoperative period between control and test sides, even though greater clinical improvement associated with treatment was observed at 15 d postoperative. At 30 and 60 d, some examiners observed the same or greater clinical improvement for the control. Only one individual reported mild to moderate pain on the first postoperative day. Conclusions: Low-intensity laser therapy did not improve the healing of gingival grafts and did not influence analgesia.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 10

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19514815

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[Low-intensity laser radiation in the combined treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]

Kashanskaia EP, Fedorov AA

This study included 89 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) that were exposed to harmful occupational factors. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. Chronic obstructive bronchitis is characterized by serious disturbances in the cardiorespiratory system that manifest themselves in the form of bronchogenic pneumosclerosis with moderate lung emphysema and pulmonary hypertension associated with impaired general resistance. Simultaneously, activity of lipid peroxidation reactions decreases. Application of low-intensity laser radiation in combination with other therapeutic modalities for the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis accelerates elimination of clinical symptoms, increases its efficiency, promotes drainage function of the bronchi, facilitates normalization of the patient’s immune status, and contributes to the optimization of lipid peroxidation processes.

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2009 Mar-Apr (2) 19-22

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19514298

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Low level laser therapy in acute dehiscence saphenectomy: therapeutic proposal.

Pinto NC, Pereira MH, Stolf NA, Chavantes MC

Service of Laser Medical Center, Heart Institute – InCor/HC – Faculty of Medicine of the Universitof Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil. nathalicordeiro@hotmail.com

Dehiscence is a feared complication after major surgeries. Patient who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting developed saphenectomy’s dehiscence on lower limb with edema and pain on the 15th postoperative day. Conventional treatment had been initially performed without clinical improvement. On the 30th postoperative day only Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) was applied punctually around surgical wounds edge. The results revealed granulated tissue, reduction of inflammatory process and analgesic effect since the first application. In this pilot study, LLLT has shown a considerable role as a wound healing agent, through a new proposal for efficient, safe and noninvasive therapy.

Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2009 Mar 24(1) 88-91

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19504026

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Cutaneous sensory nerves: mediators of phototherapeutic effects?

Legat FJ, Wolf P

Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8; A-8036 Austria. franz.legat@meduni-graz.at

Exposures to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) during accidental or voluntary sun exposure or treatment with phototherapy or photochemotherapy have a significant impact on the skin. Many skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma significantly improve by photo(chemo)therapy, though the mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of photo(chemo)therapy are still far from understood. Various pathways and means through which the energy of UVR from natural or artificial sources is ultimately transformed into biologic effects within the skin have been suggested and cutaneous sensory nerves, neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and certain nerve-related receptors have been among them. In fact a three-dimensional network of sensory nerve fibers derived from dorsal root ganglia intersperses all layers of the skin including the epidermis. In this forefront of defense against environmental impacts (including UVR) on the skin, sensory nerve fibers become targets by itself and closely contact resident and infiltrating cutaneous cells. Thus, terminals of cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, and neuropeptides within these fibers, are in a central position to participate in mediating therapeutic effects of photo(chemo)therapy.

Front Biosci 2009 14 4921-31

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19482595

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Intricacies of dose in laser phototherapy for tissue repair and pain relief.

Enwemeka CS

School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. Enwemeka@nyit.edu

Inaccurate measurement and incorrect reporting of dosages are major shortcomings of phototherapy articles. As many as 30% of published reports in the field either lack relevant information needed to determine a dosage or report dosages that are altogether inaccurate. The high prevalence of dosage-related mistakes in published reports suggests that dosage determination errors are common among clinicians and other end-users. This special article is designed to advance understanding of the relevant parameters used in phototherapy for tissue repair and pain relief, particularly among clinicians and others who may not be completely familiar with the technology. I define and discuss five key parameters that influence dosage, including 1) radiant power, 2) radiant energy, 3) power density, 4) energy density, and 5) wavelength, and use hypothetical cases to demonstrate how factors such as beam spot size, size of lesion, mode of treatment (contact, noncontact, or scanning), frequency of treatment, dose per treatment, and cumulative dose affect dosages and treatment outcomes. The potential effects of patient-related factors, such as etiology, pathology, tissue optical density, depth of target tissue, and skin pigmentation are discussed concurrently and strategies are suggested to improve dosage determination.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 27(3) 387-93

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19473073

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Comparing the effects of exercise program and low-level laser therapy with exercise program and polarized polychromatic non-coherent light (bioptron light) on the treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy.

Stasinopoulos D, Stasinopoulos I, Pantelis M, Stasinopoulou K

Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Centre, Athens, Greece. d_stasinopoulos@yahoo.gr

BACKGROUND DATA: The use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and polarized polychromatic non-coherent light as supplements to an exercise program has been recommended for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an exercise program supplemented with LLLT is more successful than an exercise program supplemented with polarized polychromatic non-coherent light in treating LET. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with unilateral LET for at least 4 wk were sequentially allocated to receive either an exercise program with LLLT or an exercise program with polarized polychromatic non-coherent light. The exercise program consisted of eccentric and static stretching exercises of wrist extensors. In the LLLT group a 904-nm Ga-As laser was used in continuous mode, and the power density was 130 mW/cm(2), and the dose was 0.585 J/point. In the group receiving polarized polychromatic non-coherent light the Bioptron 2 was used to administer the dose perpendicularly to the lateral epicondyle at three points at an operating distance of 5-10 cm for 6 min at each position. The outcome measures were pain and function and were evaluated at baseline, at the end of the treatment (week 4), and 3 mo after the end of treatment (week 16). RESULTS: Fifty patients met the inclusion criteria. At the end of treatment there was a decline in pain and a rise in function in both groups compared with baseline (p < 0.0005 on the paired t-test). There were no significant differences in the reduction of pain and the improvement of function between the groups at the end of treatment and at the 3-mo follow-up (p > 0.0005 on the independent t-test). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the combination of an exercise program with LLLT or polarized polychromatic non-coherent light is an adequate treatment for patients with LET. Further research to establish the relative and absolute effectiveness of such a treatment approach is needed.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jun 27(3) 513-20

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19473072

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The use of low-level light for hair growth: part I.

Avram MR, Rogers NE

Cornell Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA. dochair@aol.com

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a new therapy for the treatment of hair loss. It has received enormous media attention and tremendous marketing budgets from companies that sell the devices, but no independent, peer-reviewed studies have demonstrated its efficacy in this application. Here we investigate the efficacy of LLLT in enhancing hair growth. METHODS: A total of seven patients were exposed to LLLT twice weekly for 20 minutes each time over a period of 3-6 months. Five patients were treated for a total of 3 months and two were treated for 6 months. Videomicroscopic images were taken at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, and analyzed for changes in vellus hair counts, terminal hair counts, and shaft diameter. Both videomicroscopic and global images underwent blinded review for evidence of subjective improvement. Patients also answered questionnaires assessing hair growth throughout the study. Neither patients nor physicians conducting the study received any financial compensation. RESULTS: The results indicate that on average patients had a decrease in the number of vellus hairs, an increase in the number of terminal hairs, and an increase in shaft diameter. However, paired i-testing indicated that none of these changes was statistically significant. Also, blinded evaluation of global images did not support an improvement in hair density or caliber. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT may be a promising treatment option for patients who do not respond to either finasteride or minoxidil, and who do not want to undergo hair transplantation. This technology appears to work better for some people than for others. Factors predicting who will most benefit are yet to be determined. Larger, longer-term placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings, and demonstrate statistical significance, or refute them altogether.

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2009 Jun 11(2) 110-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19466643

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Effects of low-power laser irradiation on the threshold of electrically induced paroxysmal discharge in rabbit hippocampus CA1.

Kogure S, Takahashi S, Saito N, Kozuka K, Matsuda Y

Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan, kogure@t.soka.ac.jp.

In acute experiments using adult rabbits, we measured the paroxysmal discharge threshold (PADT) elicited by stimulation to the apical dendritic layer of the hippocampal CA1 region before and after low-power laser irradiation. Nd:YVO(4) laser irradiation (wavelength: 532 nm) was introduced into the same region as the stimulation site. The average PADT was 247 +/- 13 muA (n = 18) before laser irradiation, while after 5-min laser irradiation with 50, 75, and 100 mW, PADT was 333 +/- 40 (n = 4), 353 +/- 33 (n = 4) and 367 +/- 27 muA (n = 6), respectively. The latter two increments were statistically significant compared to the control (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). After 10-min laser irradiation with 75 and 100 mW, PADT was 340 +/- 47 (n = 9) and 480 +/- 60 muA (n = 11; p < 0.01), respectively. Laser irradiation with a specific wavelength and average power offers the potential to suppress the generation of paroxysmal discharges in rabbit hippocampus CA1. Correlation analyses suggest that PADT increments are based on photochemical as well as photothermal effects of laser irradiation.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 May 22

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19462168

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Lung inflammation and endothelial cell damage are decreased after treatment with phototherapy (PhT) in a model of acute lung injury induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in the rat.

Mafra de Lima F, Naves KT, Machado AH, Albertini R, Villaverde AB, Aimbire F

Institute of Research and Development – IP&D, Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, 12240-000 Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mimics the symptoms of acute lung injury (ALI), which is characterized by the accumulation in the lungs of neutrophils producing inflammatory mediators. Because of the lack of information about phototherapy (PhT) effects on ALI, we investigated whether PhT (685nm InGaAlP) attenuates LPS-induced ALI. PhT reduced lung edema, the accumulation of TNF-alpha in the lung, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. However, PhT was not efficient in reducing of TNF-alpha concentration in both serum and neutrophils of blood after LPS. In another series of experiments, in vitro assays of the effects of PhT effect on mouse pulmonary arterial endothelium cells (MPAECs) after TNF-alpha showed that the laser restores the MPAECs damage induced at 6 or 24h after TNF-alpha. These results suggest the PhT effect on ALI is partly due to inhibition of TNF-alpha release from neutrophils and lung cells.

Cell Biol Int 2009 May 18

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19450696

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Tuberculosis (HIV-negative people).

Ziganshina LE, Garner P

Health Action International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

INTRODUCTION: About a third of the world’s population has latent tuberculosis. In 2004, over 14 million people had active tuberculosis. Approximately 1.7 million people died from the infection. Over 80% of new cases diagnosed in 2004 were in people in Africa, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific regions. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent tuberculosis in people without HIV infection at high risk of developing tuberculosis? What are the effects of interventions to prevent tuberculosis in people without HIV infection at high risk of developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? What are the effects of different drug regimens in people with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis without HIV infection? What are the effects of different drug regimens in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without HIV infection? What are the effects of low-level laser therapy in people with tuberculosis without HIV infection? Which interventions improve adherence to treatment in people with tuberculosis without HIV infection? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS: We found 31 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: adding pyrazinamide in chemotherapy regimens lasting up to 6 months; adding rifampicin to isoniazid regimens; benefits of different regimens; chemotherapy for less than 6 months; daily chemotherapy; direct observation treatment; intermittent chemotherapy for 6 months or longer; isoniazid; low-level laser therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis; regimens containing quinolones; rifampicin plus isoniazid; substituting rifampicin with ethambutol in the continuous phase; and support mechanisms for directly observed treatment.

Clin Evid (Online) 2009 2009

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19445749

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Comparison between laser therapy and non-surgical therapy for periodontitis in rats treated with dexamethasone.

Garcia VG, Fernandes LA, de Almeida JM, Bosco AF, Nagata MJ, Martins TM, Okamoto T, Theodoro LH

Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Division of Periodontics, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Jose Bonifacio 1193, Centro, 16050-300, Aracatuba, SP, Brasil, vg.garcia@uol.com.br.

The aim of this study was to compare low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as adjuvant treatment for induced periodontitis with scaling and root planing (SRP) in dexamethasone-treated rats. One-hundred twenty rats were divided into groups: D group (n = 60), treated with dexamethasone; ND group (n = 60) treated with saline solution. In both groups, periodontal disease was induced by ligature at the left first mandibular molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and all animals were subjected to SRP and were divided according to the following treatments: SRP, irrigation with saline solution (SS); SRP + LLLT, SS and laser irradiation (660 nm; 24 J; 0.428 W/cm(2)). Ten animals in each treatment were killed after 7 days, 15 days and 30 days. The radiographic and histometric values were statistically analyzed. In all groups radiographic and histometric analysis showed less bone loss (P < 0.05) in animals treated with SRP + LLLT in all experimental periods. SRP + LLLT was an effective adjuvant conventional treatment for periodontitis in rats treated with dexamethasone.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 May 14

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19440786

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[Modern aspects of conservative treatment of patients with lymphovenous insufficiency of lower extremities]

Zhukov BN, Iarovenko GV, Katorkin SE, Myshentsev PN

The main aspects of diagnosis and complex treatment of chronic lymphovenous insufficiency of lower extremities are elucidated. Modern methods of physiotherapeutic and rehabilitation measures are described with reference to clinical manifestations and results of different methods of examining patients. The effectiveness of using magnetic fields, laser irradiation and biomechanical pneumovibration stimulation in complex treatment of patients is shown. The individual strategy necessary in treatment of each patient allows improvement of quality of life of patients and effectiveness of medico-social rehabilitation.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 2009 168(1) 38-40

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19432143

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[On the treatment of gunshot wounds of extremities in the conditions of local military actions]

Agakhanian NV, Ter-Avetikian ZA, Mkrtchian ME, Amirian EG

Together with the improvement of new types of weapons with more destroying effect, the treatment methods of gunshot wounds including laser therapy, extrafocal osteosynthesis, new antibacterial means are also developing. The application of these methods makes it possible to create optimal conditions for the treatment of different types of injuries of extremities with positive results in 88% cases. These results were received due to early and thorough first surgical processing of wounds by wide usage of helium-neon laser radiation as well as with the help of traumatologists who are the skilled in the new treatment methods including the extrafocal compressional osteosynthesis.

Georgian Med News 2009 Apr (169) 23-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19430037

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Visual perception and imagery: a new molecular hypothesis.

Bokkon I

Semmelweis University, Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Lang E. 68, H-1238 Budapest, Hungary. bokkoni@yahoo.com

Here, we put forward a redox molecular hypothesis about the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and visual imagery. This hypothesis is based on the redox and bioluminescent processes of neuronal cells in retinotopically organized cytochrome oxidase-rich visual areas. Our hypothesis is in line with the functional roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in living cells that are not part of haphazard process, but rather a very strict mechanism used in signaling pathways. We point out that there is a direct relationship between neuronal activity and the biophoton emission process in the brain. Electrical and biochemical processes in the brain represent sensory information from the external world. During encoding or retrieval of information, electrical signals of neurons can be converted into synchronized biophoton signals by bioluminescent radical and non-radical processes. Therefore, information in the brain appears not only as an electrical (chemical) signal but also as a regulated biophoton (weak optical) signal inside neurons. During visual perception, the topological distribution of photon stimuli on the retina is represented by electrical neuronal activity in retinotopically organized visual areas. These retinotopic electrical signals in visual neurons can be converted into synchronized biophoton signals by radical and non-radical processes in retinotopically organized mitochondria-rich areas. As a result, regulated bioluminescent biophotons can create intrinsic pictures (depictive representation) in retinotopically organized cytochrome oxidase-rich visual areas during visual imagery and visual perception. The long-term visual memory is interpreted as epigenetic information regulated by free radicals and redox processes. This hypothesis does not claim to solve the secret of consciousness, but proposes that the evolution of higher levels of complexity made the intrinsic picture representation of the external visual world possible by regulated redox and bioluminescent reactions in the visual system during visual perception and visual imagery.

Biosystems 2009 May 96(2) 178-84

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19428983

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Posted in Research |

LLLT Literature Watch May 2009

Posted on 31 May 2009 by James Carroll

This edition finds 41 LLLT research papers on including Post Exercise Muscle Damage, fracture healing, cardicardioprotection and acne.

Comparison Between Single-Diode Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and LED Multi-Diode (Cluster) Therapy (LEDT) Applications Before High-Intensity Exercise.

Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Baroni BM, De Marchi T, Rossi RP, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, de Godoi V, Basso M, Mancalossi JL, Bjordal JM

1 Laboratory of Human Movement, University of Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil .

Abstract Background Data and Objective: There is anecdotal evidence that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may affect the development of muscular fatigue, minor muscle damage, and recovery after heavy exercises. Although manufacturers claim that cluster probes (LEDT) maybe more effective than single-diode lasers in clinical settings, there is a lack of head-to-head comparisons in controlled trials. This study was designed to compare the effect of single-diode LLLT and cluster LEDT before heavy exercise. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study. Young male volleyball players (n = 8) were enrolled and asked to perform three Wingate cycle tests after 4 x 30 sec LLLT or LEDT pretreatment of the rectus femoris muscle with either (1) an active LEDT cluster-probe (660/850 nm, 10/30 mW), (2) a placebo cluster-probe with no output, and (3) a single-diode 810-nm 200-mW laser. Results: The active LEDT group had significantly decreased post-exercise creatine kinase (CK) levels (-18.88 +/- 41.48 U/L), compared to the placebo cluster group (26.88 +/- 15.18 U/L) (p < 0.05) and the active single-diode laser group (43.38 +/- 32.90 U/L) (p < 0.01). None of the pre-exercise LLLT or LEDT protocols enhanced performance on the Wingate tests or reduced post-exercise blood lactate levels. However, a non-significant tendency toward lower post-exercise blood lactate levels in the treated groups should be explored further. Conclusion: In this experimental set-up, only the active LEDT probe decreased post-exercise CK levels after the Wingate cycle test. Neither performance nor blood lactate levels were significantly affected by this protocol of pre-exercise LEDT or LLLT.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Mar 20

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19302015

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Enhancement of nitric oxide release from nitrosyl hemoglobin and nitrosyl myoglobin by red/near infrared radiation: Potential role in cardioprotection.

Lohr NL, Keszler A, Pratt P, Bienengraber M, Warltier DC, Hogg N

Department of Anesthesiology, the Medical College of Wisconsin, MEB 4245, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA.

Nitric oxide is an important messenger in numerous biological processes, such as angiogenesis, hypoxic vasodilation, and cardioprotection. Although nitric oxide synthases (NOS) produce the bulk of NO, there is increasing interest in NOS independent generation of NO in vivo, particularly during hypoxia or anoxia, where low oxygen tensions limit NOS activity. Interventions that can increase NO bioavailability have significant therapeutic potential. The use of far red and near infrared light (R/NIR) can reduce infarct size, protect neurons from methanol toxicity, and stimulate angiogenesis. How R/NIR modulates these processes in vivo and in vitro is unknown, but it has been suggested that increases in NO levels are involved. In this study we examined if R/NIR light could facilitate the release of NO from nitrosyl heme proteins. In addition, we examined if R/NIR light could enhance the protective effects of nitrite on ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rabbit heart. We show both in purified systems and in myocardium that R/NIR light can decay nitrosyl hemes and release NO, and that this released NO may enhance the cardioprotective effects of nitrite. Thus, the photodissociation to NO and its synergistic effect with sodium nitrite may represent a noninvasive and site-specific means for increasing NO bioavailability.

J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009 Mar 25

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19328206

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Implantation of low-level laser irradiated mesenchymal stem cells into the infarcted rat heart is associated with reduction in infarct size and enhanced angiogenesis.

Tuby H, Maltz L, Oron U

Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of implantation of laser-irradiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the infarcted rat heart. BACKGROUND DATA: It was demonstrated that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) upregulates cytoprotective factors in ischemic tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and grown in culture. The cells were laser irradiated with a Ga-Al-As laser (810 nm wavelength), labeled with 5-bromo-2’deoxyuridine (BrdU), and then implanted into infarcted rat hearts. Non-irradiated cells were similarly labeled and acted as controls. Hearts were excised 3 wk later and cells were stained for BrdU and c-kit immunoreactivity. RESULTS: Infarcted hearts that were implanted with laser-treated cells showed a significant reduction of 53% in infarct size compared to hearts that were implanted with non-laser-treated cells. The hearts implanted with laser-treated cells prior to implantation demonstrated a 5- and 6.3-fold significant increase in cell density that positively immunoreacted to BrdU and c-kit, respectively, as compared to hearts implanted with non-laser-treated cells. A significantly 1.4- and 2-fold higher level of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor, respectively, were observed in infarcted hearts that were implanted with laser-treated cells compared to non-laser-treated implanted cells. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study provide the first evidence that LLLT can significantly increase survival and/or proliferation of MSCs post-implantation into the ischemic/infarcted heart, followed by a marked reduction of scarring and enhanced angiogenesis. The mechanisms associated with this phenomenon remain to be elucidated in further studies.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Apr 27(2) 227-33

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19382832

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Phototherapy in peripheral nerve injury for muscle preservation and nerve regeneration.

Rochkind S

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Apr 27(2) 219-20

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19382831

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Low infra red laser light irradiation on cultured neural cells: effects on mitochondria and cell viability after oxidative stress.

Giuliani A, Lorenzini L, Gallamini M, Massella A, Giardino L, Calza L

BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy. a.giuliani@unibo.it

BACKGROUND: Considerable interest has been aroused in recent years by the well-known notion that biological systems are sensitive to visible light. With clinical applications of visible radiation in the far-red to near-infrared region of the spectrum in mind, we explored the effect of coherent red light irradiation with extremely low energy transfer on a neural cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma. We focused on the effect of pulsed light laser irradiation vis-a-vis two distinct biological effects: neurite elongation under NGF stimulus on laminin-collagen substrate and cell viability during oxidative stress. METHODS: We used a 670 nm laser, with extremely low peak power output (3 mW/cm2) and at an extremely low dose (0.45 mJ/cm2). Neurite elongation was measured over three days in culture. The effect of coherent red light irradiation on cell reaction to oxidative stress was evaluated through live-recording of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) using JC1 vital dye and laser-confocal microscopy, in the absence (photo bleaching) and in the presence (oxidative stress) of H2O2, and by means of the MTT cell viability assay. RESULTS: We found that laser irradiation stimulates NGF-induced neurite elongation on a laminin-collagen coated substrate and protects PC12 cells against oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that red light radiation protects the viability of cell culture in case of oxidative stress, as indicated by MMP measurement and MTT assay. It also stimulates neurite outgrowth, and this effect could also have positive implications for axonal protection.

BMC Complement Altern Med 2009 9 8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19368718

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Effect of low-level laser therapy on the fracture healing process.

Kazem Shakouri S, Soleimanpour J, Salekzamani Y, Oskuie MR

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, sk0531ir@yahoo.com.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a biophysical form of intervention in the fracture-repair process, which, through several mechanisms, accelerates the healing of fractures and enhances callus formation. The effect of laser on fracture healing is controversial. Some authors affirm that LLLT can accelerate bone formation by increasing osteoblastic activity. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of laser therapy on fracture healing. Thirty rabbits were subjected to tibial bone open osteotomies that were stabilized with external fixators. The animals were divided into two study groups: laser group and control group. Callus development and bone mineral density were quantitatively evaluated by CT; the animals were then killed and the fractures were assessed for biomechanical properties. The results demonstrated that the increasing rate of bone mineral density was higher in the laser (L) group than in the control (C) group. CT at 5 weeks revealed a mean callus density of 297 Hounsfield units (HU) for the control group and 691 HU for the L group, which was statistically significant (P = 0.001). In the L group, the mean recorded fracture tension was 190.5 N and 359.3 N for healed and intact bones, respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The result of the study showed that the use of laser could enhance callus development in the early stage of the healing process, with doubtful improvement in biomechanical properties of the healing bone; therefore, laser therapy may be recommended as an additional treatment in non-union fractures in humans.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Apr 28

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19399356

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Efficacy of Interferential Low-Level Laser Therapy Using Two Independent Sources in the Treatment of Knee Pain.

Montes-Molina R , Madronero-Agreda MA , Romojaro-Rodriguez AB , Gallego-Mendez V , Prados-Cabiedas C , Marques-Lucas C , Perez-Ferreiro M , Martinez-Ruiz F

1 Unit of Physiotherapy, Hospital Ramon y Cajal , Madrid, Spain .

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an interferential pattern generated by two identical and independent lasers in the relief of knee pain. Background Data: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is generally applied by a single probe. Materials and Methods: A double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed on 152 patients with knee pain who were randomly assigned into two different groups. Group I patients (n = 76) received interferential laser therapy generated by two identical laser probes located opposite each other on the knee joint. Group II patients (n = 76) received one live probe in conventional laser therapy and one dummy probe. The device used in both groups was an GaAlAs laser (wavelength 810 nm, power 100 mW, in continuous mode). Fifteen laser sessions were applied transcutaneously on 5 knee points (6 J/point) per session. In addition, patients in both groups received a quadriceps strength program based on isometric exercises. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for pain evaluation in different situations, such as in standing, in knee flexion/extension, and when going up and down stairs. VAS pain scores were evaluated before, in the middle of, and after treatment. Results: ANOVA results showed no significant differences between groups for all VAS scores or in the interaction with the sessions (p > 0.05). The VAS score results showed a statistically significant pain reduction throughout all sessions (p = 0.000). Conclusions: Interferential laser therapy is safe and effective in reducing knee pain. However, the results of the study indicate that it is not superior to the use of a single conventional laser.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Apr 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19405858

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Improvement of Postfractional Laser Erythema with Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation.

Alster TS, Wanitphakdeedecha R

Washington Institute of Dermatologic Laser Surgery, Washington, District of Columbia.

BACKGROUND The most common side effects of fractional laser skin treatment are erythema and edema. Low-level light therapy and light-emitting diode (LED) devices have been used to stimulate fibroblast activity and hasten wound healing. OBJECTIVE To determine whether LED treatment immediately after fractional laser skin resurfacing affects the severity and duration of postoperative eythema. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients received treatment with a 590-nm wavelength LED array to randomly selected facial halves immediately after undergoing full-face fractional laser skin resurfacing with a 1,550-nm erbium-doped fiber laser. Differences in erythema between LED-treated and untreated facial halves were recorded at 24, 48, and 96 hours post-treatment. RESULTS The LED-treated facial halves were less erythematous in all 20 patients 24 hours postoperatively. The six patients who received the highest mean energy densities during fractional laser treatment continued to exhibit decreased erythema in the LED-treated areas at 48 hours. At 96 hours post-treatment, no discernible differences between facial halves were observed in any patient. CONCLUSIONS Photomodulation with a 590-nm-wavelength LED array can decrease the intensity and duration of postfractional laser treatment erythema. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.

Dermatol Surg 2009 Apr 2

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19397672

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[Morphometry and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from patients with asthma in the intravenous blood laser irradiation]

Sarycheva TG, Tsybzhitova EB, Popova OV, Aleksandrov OV

The morphometry and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from patients with infection-dependent asthma were comparatively studied prior to and following treatment. The patients who had underwent intravenous laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) in addition to conventional therapy had better morphofunctional parameters of red blood cells, by restoring their normal forms, decreasing their transitional ones, and increasing their electrophoretic mobility to normal values. Those who received traditional drug therapy showed no considerable morphofunctional changes of erythrocytes. Thus, in asthmatic patients, the changes in the morphology and function of red blood cells may suggest their membranous structural changes for whose correction ILIB should used.

Klin Lab Diagn 2009 Mar (3) 13-4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19391239

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The Application of Low-Level Laser Therapy after Cesarean Section Does Not Compromise Blood Prolactin Levels and Lactation Status.

Mokmeli S, Khazemikho N, Niromanesh S, Vatankhah Z

1 Department of Medical Laser, Milad Hospital , Tehran, Iran .

Abstract Objective: This study evaluates the systemic effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on blood prolactin levels and lactation status when it is used to hasten surgical wound healing in women having undergone a cesarean section. Background Data: LLLT has been used in parturient patients for postpartum mastitis and nipple soreness. However, previous studies have revealed hormonal and physiological effects of LLLT on the lactation status. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy women scheduled for cesarean section were randomly divided into two groups: an LLLT group and a control group. LLLT was delivered as follows: (1) irradiation with 980 nm (100 mW, 3.3 J/cm(2), total energy 60 J), and 650 nm (30 mW, 1.5 J/cm(2), total energy 27 J) to the incision line, and (2) intravenous laser irradiation at 2.5 mW and 650 nm for 15 min on three consecutive postoperative days. Except for LLLT, all the therapeutic conditions in both groups were identical. Blood prolactin levels were measured in the groups on the third postoperative day, and tissue samples were taken from the wound margins for histological evaluation on the 10th postoperative day. Results: Although there was a difference between blood prolactin levels in the two groups, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.205). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean lymphocyte counts and number of vessel lumina, with higher numbers seen in the LLLT group. Conclusion: LLLT after cesarean section has no serious deleterious effects on lactation, and it helps to modulate metabolic processes and thus promotes wound healing post-surgery.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Apr 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19405857

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Dental Enamel Irradiated with Infrared Diode Laser and Photoabsorbing Cream: Part 1-FT-Raman Study.

De Sant’anna GR, Dos Santos EA, Silva Soares LE, Do Espirito Santo AM, Martin AA, Duarte DA, Pacheco-Soares C, Brugnera A

1 Vale do Paraiba University , UNIVAP, Research and Development Institute, IP&D, Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, LEVB and Dental Laser Center, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, and Cruzeiro do Sul University, UNICSUL, Pediatric Dentistry and Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil .

Abstract Objective: The aim of this FT-Raman study was to investigate laser-induced compositional changes in enamel after therapy with a low-level infrared diode laser and a photoabsorbing cream, in order to intensify the superficial light absorption before and after cariogenic challenge. Background Data: Dental caries remains the most prevalent disease during childhood and adolescence. Preventive modalities include the use of fluoride, reduction of dietary cariogenic refined carbohydrates, plaque removal and oral hygiene techniques, and antimicrobial prescriptions. A relatively simple and noninvasive caries preventive regimen is treating tooth enamel with laser irradiation, either alone or in combination with topical fluoride treatment, resulting in reduced enamel solubility and dissolution rates. Due to their high cost, high-powered lasers are still not widely employed in private practice in developing countries. Thus, low-power red and near-infrared lasers appear to be an appealing alternative. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four extracted or exfoliated caries-free deciduous molars were divided into six groups: control group (no treatment; n = 8); infrared laser treatment (L; n = 8) (810 nm at 100 mW/cm(2) for 90 sec); infrared diode laser irradiation (810 nm at 100 mW/cm(2) for 90 sec) and photoabsorbing cream (IVL; n = 8); photoabsorbing cream alone (IV; n = 8); infrared diode laser irradiation (810 nm at 100 mW/cm(2) for 90 sec) and fluorinated photoabsorbing agent (IVLF; n = 8); and fluorinated photoabsorbing agent alone (IVF; n = 8). Samples were analyzed using FT-Raman spectroscopy before and after pH cycling cariogenic challenge. Results: There was a significant laser-induced reduction and possible modification of the organic matrix content in enamel treated with the low-level diode laser (the L, IVL, and IVFL groups). Conclusion: The FT-Raman technique may be suitable for detecting compositional and structural changes occurring in mineral phases and organic phases of lased enamel under cariogenic challenge.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 May 5

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Physiotherapy and cardiac rhythm devices: a review of the current scope of practice.

Digby GC , Daubney ME , Baggs J , Campbell D , Simpson CS , Redfearn DP , Brennan FJ , Abdollah H , Baranchuk A

Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Arrhythmia Service, Kingston General Hospital K7L 2V7, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Aims Several case reports have demonstrated negative interactions between various physiotherapy modalities and cardiac rhythm devices (CRD). Fear of these potential interactions may lead to suboptimal utilization of physiotherapy treatments in CRD patients. No prior review of available guidelines, or management strategies, on the interaction between physiotherapy modalities and CRD patients has been reported. To review existing guidelines regarding the use of physiotherapy modalities in patients with pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). To retrospectively analyse CRD patient encounters at a local physiotherapy facility during a period of 2 years. Methods and results A review of the literature regarding the potential interactions between physiotherapy modalities and CRDs was performed. Next, a 2 year retrospective analysis of patient encounters at a physiotherapy facility was conducted. In addition, seven international physiotherapy societies and four CRD manufacturers were surveyed with respect to recommendations regarding physiotherapy treatments in device patients. The local physiotherapy facility treated 25 patients with CRD (22 pacemaker and 3 ICD patients) for a total of 230 visits (9.2 visits/patient). Five patients received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and all 25 were administered additional treatment in the form of ultrasound (15), acupuncture (19), Laser (7), traction/manual therapy (12), exercise (8), education (18), taping (5), and/or moist heat (5). No complications occurred. Meanwhile, international societies and device manufacturers offered few specific or consistent recommendations. Conclusion There are no specific international policies regarding the administration of physiotherapy modalities in CRD patients and, thus, there are no specific guidelines to be implemented at the local level. Review of the literature and of recommendations from CRD manufacturers suggests that TENS, Diathermy, and Interferential Electrical Current Therapy are best avoided in patients with CRDs. However, there is no consensus and it may be possible to safely deliver these modalities in a proper setting with device and patient monitoring. Although further research is required in this regard, active collaboration between physiotherapists and CRD clinic physicians should allow for the safe application of most physiotherapy modalities.

Europace 2009 May 2

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19411677

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A study to determine the effect of combination blue (415nm) and near-infrared (830nm) light-emitting diode (LED) therapy for moderate acne vulgaris.

Sadick N

Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.

Background and objective: Acne vulgaris remains a major problem in dermatological practice. Phototherapy for acne with blue (415nm) and red (633nm) light-emitting diode (LED) arrays has recently attracted attention. This pilot study assessed the efficacy of the combination of 415nm and near-infrared (IR) LED therapy for moderate acne. Methods: Seventeen individuals were recruited: 13 females and four males. Skin types ranged from type II to type VI, and the acne grades at baseline ranged from Burton grade 1 to 5. Patients underwent twice-weekly 20-minute sessions of LED therapy for 4 weeks, alternating between the blue (415nm) and near-IR (830nm) heads. No other treatment was allowed. Results were assessed and compared with the baseline values at 1, 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment. Results: Six individuals failed to complete the study. Eleven individuals showed improvement ranging from 0% to 83.3%. A downward shift in the Burton grade was seen overall. Non-inflammatory lesion counts increased in four patients, but improved in the other seven by an average of 48.8%. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: The combination therapy for acne produced results which were less effective in the reduction of inflammatory lesions than those achieved with the previously reported blue/red combination. Further study with a much larger patient population is warranted.

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2009 Apr 24 1-4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19391058

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Role of the 585-nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of acne in comparison with other topical therapeutic modalities.

Leheta TM

Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Background: Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by the development of inflammatory and/or non-inflammatory lesions that may progress to scars. The increase of bacterial resistance and adverse effects, the teratogenicity of retinoids and lack of response to usual therapies has led to the investigation of new therapeutic alternatives. Objective: To evaluate the role of the pulsed dye laser in the treatment of acne in comparison with other topical therapeutic modalities. Methods: We studied 45 patients with mild to moderate acne. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: group A received treatment with pulsed dye laser therapy every 2 weeks, group B received topical preparations and group C was subjected to chemical peeling using trichloroacetic acid 25%. Results: At 12 weeks of treatment, there was a significant improvement of the lesions within each group with the best results seen in group A; however, no significant difference was detected between the three treatment protocols after the treatment period. Remission in the follow-up period was significantly higher in the first group. Conclusions: Pulse dye laser therapy mainly improves the inflammatory lesions of acne with few adverse effects.

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2009 Apr 24 1-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19391056

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Impact of acupuncture on vasomotor rhinitis: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.

Fleckenstein J, Raab C, Gleditsch J, Ostertag P, Rasp G, Stor W, Irnich D

Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, Germany.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic rhinitis without an allergic or infectious etiology (vasomotor rhinitis) is a common disease for which there are only few and not very effective therapeutic treatment options. The current placebo-controlled, partially double-blinded pilot study evaluated the effects of acupuncture on the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis. DESIGN: A total of 24 patients with confirmed diagnosis of vasomotor rhinitis were randomly allocated to either acupuncture or sham laser acupuncture treatment. The sham laser was a deactivated laser pen beaming normal red light. The main outcome measure was the alteration of the nasal sickness score (NSS; score(max) 27 points). Secondary outcome measures were the evaluation of a subjective symptoms score by patients’ diaries and of their quality of life (SF-12 health survey). A credibility assessment regarding the respective treatment was performed. The study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number NCT00682162. RESULTS: NSS of patients treated by acupuncture was significantly reduced from 9.3 +/- 3.89 to 4.1 +/- 3.20 points (p < 0.001), whereas NSS declined from 5.6 +/- 2.74 to 3.7 +/- 2.61 points after sham treatment (p < 0.05). Comparison between the groups revealed a significant change of NSS (Mann-Whitney, p < 0.01), an analysis that also considers the significant difference between the baseline values of both groups (p < 0.05). Secondary outcome measures did not show significant differences between both groups. The credibility assessment was comparable for both treatments. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study showed significant effects of acupuncture compared to a sham treatment in the NSS on symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis. These results may justify the performance of a large randomized trial to strengthen our understanding of the therapeutic value of acupuncture in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.

J Altern Complement Med 2009 Apr 15(4) 391-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19388861

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New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne group.

Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Dreno B, Kang S, Leyden JJ, Shalita AR, Lozada VT, Berson D, Finlay A, Goh CL, Herane MI, Kaminsky A, Kubba R, Layton A, Miyachi Y, Perez M, Martin JP, Ramos-E-Silva M, See JA, Shear N, Wolf J Jr

Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA. dthiboutot@psu.edu

The Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne published recommendations for the management of acne as a supplement to the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology in 2003. The recommendations incorporated evidence-based strategies when possible and the collective clinical experience of the group when evidence was lacking. This update reviews new information about acne pathophysiology and treatment-such as lasers and light therapy-and relevant topics where published data were sparse in 2003 but are now available including combination therapy, revision of acne scarring, and maintenance therapy. The update also includes a new way of looking at acne as a chronic disease, a discussion of the changing role of antibiotics in acne management as a result of concerns about microbial resistance, and factors that affect adherence to acne treatments. Summary statements and recommendations are provided throughout the update along with an indication of the level of evidence that currently supports each finding. As in the original supplement, the authors have based recommendations on published evidence as much as possible.

J Am Acad Dermatol 2009 May 60(5 Suppl) S1-50

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Effect of optically modified polyethylene terephthalate fiber socks on chronic foot pain.

York RM, Gordon IL

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Increasing experimental and clinical evidence suggests that illumination of the skin with relatively low intensity light may lead to therapeutic results such as reduced pain or improved wound healing. The goal of this study was to evaluate prospectively whether socks made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) incorporating optically active particles (CelliantTM) ameliorates chronic foot pain resulting from diabetic neuropathy or other disorders. Such optically modified fiber is thought to modify the illumination of the skin in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum, and consequently reduce pain. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized trial with 55 subjects (38 men, 17 women) enrolled (average age 59.7 +/- 11.9 years), 26 with diabetic neuropathy and 29 with other pain etiologies. Subjects twice completed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), and SF-36 a week apart (W1+2) before receiving either control or CelliantTM socks. The same questionnaires were answered again one and two weeks (W3+4) later. The questionnaires provided nine scores for analyzing pain reduction: one VAS score, two BPI scores, five MPQ scores, and the bodily pain score on the SF-36. Mean W1+2 and W3+4 scores were compared to measure pain reduction. RESULTS: More pain reduction was reported by CelliantTM subjects for 8 of the 9 pain questions employed, with a significant (p = 0.043) difference between controls and CelliantTM for McGill question III. In neuropathic subjects, CelliantTM caused more pain reduction in 6 of the 9 questions, but not significantly. In non-neuropathic subjects 8 of 9 questions showed more pain reduction with the CelliantTM socks. CONCLUSIONS: Socks with optically modified PET (CelliantTM) appear to have a beneficial impact on chronic foot pain. The mechanism could be related to the effects seen with illumination of tissues with visible and infrared light. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00458497.

BMC Complement Altern Med 2009 Apr 22 9(1) 10

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Low-level laser therapy increases transforming growth factor-beta2 expression and induces apoptosis of epithelial cells during the tissue repair process.

Rocha Junior AM, Vieira BJ, de Andrade LC, Aarestrup FM

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-MG, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BACKGROUND DATA: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to modulate the healing of wounds by inducing an increase in mitotic activity, fibroblast number, synthesis of collagen, and neovascularization. Objective: In the present study we evaluated the effect of LLLT on expression of TGF-beta(2), an immunosuppressive cytokine, at the site of tissue repair, using an experimental rat model to study cutaneous wound healing. In addition, we also investigated the presence of apoptotic cells in epithelial and connective tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group 1, which was subjected to surgical skin wounds only (n = 15), and group 2, which was subjected to surgical skin wounds followed by LLLT (n = 15). In group 2, the LLLT was given with these parameters: 15 mW of power, a dose of 3.8 J/cm(2), for 15 sec for three applications. At 10 d post-surgery and laser application the animals were sacrificed with an overdose of anesthetic and tissue samples from the wounds were submitted to immunohistochemistry and in-situ detection of apoptosis. RESULTS: Most of the inflammatory cells and fibroblasts were TGF-beta(2)-positive, and many apoptotic epithelial cells and fibroblasts were seen in the tissue samples from the LLLT-treated animals. However, a few apoptotic epithelial cells and fibroblasts were also seen in the samples obtained from control animals. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that LLLT may be an important inducer of apoptosis during the process of tissue repair. In addition, we demonstrated that LLTT has an immunomodulatory effect on TGF-beta(2) expression at sites of wound healing.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Apr 27(2) 303-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19382837

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HairMax LaserComb(R) Laser Phototherapy Device in the Treatment of Male Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham Device-Controlled, Multicentre Trial.

Leavitt M, Charles G, Heyman E, Michaels D

Private Dermatology Practice, Maitland, Florida, USA.

The use of low levels of visible or near infrared light for reducing pain, inflammation and oedema, promoting healing of wounds, deeper tissue and nerves, and preventing tissue damage has been known for almost 40 years since the invention of lasers. The HairMax LaserComb(R) is a hand-held Class 3R lower level laser therapy device that contains a single laser module that emulates 9 beams at a wavelength of 655 nm (+/-5%). The device uses a technique of parting the user’s hair by combs that are attached to the device. This improves delivery of distributed laser light to the scalp. The combs are designed so that each of the teeth on the combs aligns with a laser beam. By aligning the teeth with the laser beams, the hair can be parted and the laser energy delivered to the scalp of the user without obstruction by the individual hairs on the scalp. The primary aim of the study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of the HairMax LaserComb(R) laser phototherapy device in the promotion of hair growth and in the cessation of hair loss in males diagnosed with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). This double-blind, sham device-controlled, multicentre, 26-week trial randomized male patients with Norwood-Hamilton classes IIa-V AGA to treatment with the HairMax LaserComb(R) or the sham device (2 : 1). The sham device used in the study was identical to the active device except that the laser light was replaced by a non-active incandescent light source. Of the 110 patients who completed the study, subjects in the HairMax LaserComb(R) treatment group exhibited a significantly greater increase in mean terminal hair density than subjects in the sham device group (p < 0.0001). Consistent with this evidence for primary effectiveness, significant improvements in overall hair regrowth were demonstrated in terms of patients’ subjective assessment (p < 0.015) at 26 weeks over baseline. The HairMax LaserComb(R) was well tolerated with no serious adverse events reported and no statistical difference in adverse effects between the study groups. The results of this study suggest that the HairMax LaserComb(R) is an effective, well tolerated and safe laser phototherapy device for the treatment of AGA in males.

Clin Drug Investig 2009 29(5) 283-92

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19366270

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Abstracts of Laser Helsinki 2008 13th International Congress of EMLA (European Medical Laser Association) in conjunction with EMLA Finland and MAL (Medical Acupuncture and Laser) in cooperation with ASLMS (American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery). Helsinki, Finland. August 23-24, 2008.

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2008 Aug 5 Suppl 1 S1-46

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19356675

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Low level light effects on inflammatory cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes.

Yamaura M, Yao M, Yaroslavsky I, Cohen R, Smotrich M, Kochevar IE

Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low level light therapy (LLLT) is being evaluated for treating chronic and acute pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of LLLT for pain relief in RA are not clear. The objectives of this study were to determine whether LLLT decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by cells from RA joints, and, if so, to identify cellular mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Synoviocytes from RA patients were treated with 810 nm radiation before or after addition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). mRNA for TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 was measured after 30, 60, and 180 minutes using RT-PCR. Intracellular and extracellular protein levels for 12 cytokines/chemokines were measured at 4, 8, and 24 hours using multiplexed ELISA. NF-kappaB activation was detected using Western blotting to follow degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. RESULTS: Radiation at 810 nm (5 J/cm(2)) given before or after TNF-alpha decreases the mRNA level of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in RA synoviocytes. This treatment using 25 J/cm(2) also decreases the intracellular levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 protein but did not affect the levels of seven other cytokines/chemokines. TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB is not altered by 810 nm radiation using 25 J/cm(2). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism for relieving joint pain in RA by LLLT may involve reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines produced by synoviocytes. This mechanism may be more general and underlie the beneficial effects of LLLT on other inflammatory conditions.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Apr 41(4) 282-90

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19347944

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Superpulsed laser irradiation increases osteoblast activity via modulation of bone morphogenetic factors.

Saracino S, Mozzati M, Martinasso G, Pol R, Canuto RA, Muzio G

Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Laser therapy is a new approach applicable in different medical fields when bone loss occurs, including orthopedics and dentistry. It has also been used to induce soft-tissue healing, for pain relief, bone, and nerve regeneration. With regard to bone synthesis, laser exposure has been shown to increase osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast number, by inducing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein expression. Studies have investigated the effects of continuous or pulsed laser irradiation, but no data are yet available on the properties of superpulsed laser irradiation. This study thus aimed to investigate the effect of superpulsed laser irradiation on osteogenic activity of human osteoblast-like cells, paying particular attention to investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of this type of laser radiation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were exposed to 3, 7, or 10 superpulsed laser irradiation (pulse width 200 nanoseconds, minimum peak power 45 W, frequency 30 kHz, total energy 60 J, exposure time 5 minutes). The following parameters were evaluated: cell growth and viability (light microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase release), calcium deposits (Alizarin Red S staining), expression of bone morphogenetic factors (real-time PCR). RESULTS: Superpulsed laser irradiation decreases cell growth, induces expression of TGF-beta2, BMP-4, and BMP-7, type I collagen, ALP, and osteocalcin, and increases the size and the number of calcium deposits. The stimulatory effect is maximum on day 10, that is, after seven applications. CONCLUSIONS: Reported results show that superpulsed laser irradiation, like the continuous and pulsed counterparts, possesses osteogenic properties, inducing the expression of molecules known to be important mediators of bone formation and, as a consequence, increasing calcium deposits in human MG-63 cells. Moreover, the data suggest a new potential role for PPARgamma as a regulator of osteoblast proliferation.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Apr 41(4) 298-304

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19347943

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Effects of low-level laser therapy on proliferation and differentiation of murine bone marrow cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Bouvet-Gerbettaz S, Merigo E, Rocca JP, Carle GF, Rochet N

Laboratory of Genetics, Physiopathology and Bone Tissue Engineering (GePITOs), University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UFR of Medicine, 28 Valombrose Avenue, 06107 Nice, France.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been suggested to improve bone tissue healing. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this effect are still unclear but bone cell proliferation and differentiation alteration have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to investigate, in vitro, the effect of LLLT on bone cell proliferation, osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation, both involved in bone remodeling and regeneration. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Murine bone marrow cells, which contain both osteoblast and osteoclast progenitors, were cultured and induced to differentiate in the absence or in the presence of LLLT. Laser exposition parameters were determined using a powermeter and consisted in an 808 nm infrared wavelength laser light in continuous mode, with an energy density of 4 J/cm(2) administered three times a week. Cell proliferation and differentiation were assessed after specific staining and microscopic analysis of the cultures after various times, as well as by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a panel of osteoblast and osteoclast markers after nucleic acid extraction. RESULTS: The use of a powermeter revealed that the power emitted by the optical fiber of the laser device was markedly reduced compared to the displayed power. This allowed to adjust the LLLT parameters to a final energy density exposure of 4 J/cm(2). In these conditions, proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as well as osteoclast or osteoblast differentiation of the corresponding progenitors were found similar in control and LLLT conditions. CONCLUSION: Using the present experimental protocol, we concluded that an 808 nm wavelength infrared LLLT does not alter murine bone progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover our results confirm the necessary use of a powermeter to fix LLLT protocol parameters.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Apr 41(4) 291-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19347941

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Laser phototherapy as topical prophylaxis against head and neck cancer radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: comparison between low and high/low power lasers.

Simoes A, Eduardo FP, Luiz AC, Campos L, Sa PH, Cristofaro M, Marques MM, Eduardo CP

Centro de Pesquisa em Biologia Oral, Departamento de Materiais Dentarios, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (FOUSP), Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil. lysimoes@usp.br

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oral mucositis is a dose-limiting and painful side effect of radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy in cancer patients. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of different protocols of laser phototherapy (LPT) on the grade of mucositis and degree of pain in patients under RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients were divided into three groups: G1, where the irradiations were done three times a week using low power laser; G2, where combined high and low power lasers were used three time a week; and G3, where patients received low power laser irradiation once a week. The low power LPT was done using an InGaAlP laser (660 nm/40 mW/6 J cm(-2)/0.24 J per point). In the combined protocol, the high power LPT was done using a GaAlAs laser (808 nm, 1 W/cm(2)). Oral mucositis was assessed at each LPT session in accordance to the oral-mucositis scale of the National Institute of the Cancer-Common Toxicity criteria (NIC-CTC). The patient self-assessed pain was measured by means of the visual analogue scale. RESULTS: All protocols of LPT led to the maintenance of oral mucositis scores in the same levels until the last RT session. Moreover, LPT three times a week also maintained the pain levels. However, the patients submitted to the once a week LPT had significant pain increase; and the association of low/high LPT led to increased healing time. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are desired when dealing with oncologic patients under RT avoiding unplanned radiation treatment breaks and additional hospital costs.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Apr 41(4) 264-70

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19347940

Learn more about Low Level Laser Therapy / cold laser therapy here https://www.thorlaser.com/LLLT/

Increase of neuronal sprouting and migration using 780 nm laser phototherapy as procedure for cell therapy.

Rochkind S, El-Ani D, Nevo Z, Shahar A

Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel. rochkind@zahav.net.il

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present study focuses on the effect of 780 nm laser irradiation on the growth of embryonic rat brain cultures embedded in NVR-Gel (cross-linked hyaluronic acid with adhesive molecule laminin and several growth factors). Dissociated neuronal cells were first grown in suspension attached to cylindrical microcarriers (MCs). The formed floating cell-MC aggregates were subsequently transferred into stationary cultures in gel and then laser treated. The response of neuronal growth following laser irradiation was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole brains were dissected from 16 days Sprague-Dawley rat embryos. Cells were mechanically dissociated, using narrow pipettes, and seeded on positively charged cylindrical MCs. After 4-14 days in suspension, the formed floating cell-MC aggregates were seeded as stationary cultures in NVR-Gel. Single cell-MC aggregates were either irradiated with near-infrared 780 nm laser beam for 1, 4, or 7 minutes, or cultured without irradiation. Laser powers were 10, 30, 50, 110, 160, 200, and 250 mW. RESULTS: 780 nm laser irradiation accelerated fiber sprouting and neuronal cell migration from the aggregates. Furthermore, unlike control cultures, the irradiated cultures (mainly after 1 minute irradiation of 50 mW) were already established after a short time of cultivation. They contained a much higher number of large size neurons (P<0.01), which formed dense branched interconnected networks of thick neuronal fibers. CONCLUSIONS: 780 nm laser phototherapy of embryonic rat brain cultures embedded in hyaluronic acid-laminin gel and attached to positively charged cylindrical MCs, stimulated migration and fiber sprouting of neuronal cells aggregates, developed large size neurons with dense branched interconnected network of neuronal fibers and, therefore, can be considered as potential procedure for cell therapy of neuronal injury or disease.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Apr 41(4) 277-81

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19347939

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Effect of low level laser therapy (830 nm) with different therapy regimes on the process of tissue repair in partial lesion calcaneous tendon.

Oliveira FS, Pinfildi CE, Parizoto NA, Liebano RE, Bossini PS, Garcia EB, Ferreira LM

Department of Plastic Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University-UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP 04024-900, Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Calcaneous tendon is one of the most damaged tendons, and its healing may last from weeks to months to be completed. In the search after speeding tendon repair, low intensity laser therapy has shown favorable effect. To assess the effect of low intensity laser therapy on the process of tissue repair in calcaneous tendon after undergoing a partial lesion. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimentally controlled randomized single blind study. Sixty male rats were used randomly and were assigned to five groups containing 12 animals each one; 42 out of 60 underwent lesion caused by dropping a 186 g weight over their Achilles tendon from a 20 cm height. In Group 1 (standard control), animals did not suffer the lesion nor underwent laser therapy; in Group 2 (control), animals suffered the lesion but did not undergo laser therapy; in Groups 3, 4, and 5, animals suffered lesion and underwent laser therapy for 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively. Animals which suffered lesion were sacrificed on the 8th day after the lesion and assessed by polarization microscopy to analyze the degree of collagen fibers organization. RESULTS: Both experimental and standard control Groups presented significant values when compared with the control Groups, and there was no significant difference when Groups 1 and 4 were compared; the same occurred between Groups 3 and 5. CONCLUSION: Low intensity laser therapy was effective in the improvement of collagen fibers organization of the calcaneous tendon after undergoing a partial lesion.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Apr 41(4) 271-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19347936

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The effect of low-intensity laser therapy on bone healing around titanium implants: a histometric study in rabbits.

Pereira CL, Sallum EA, Nociti FH Jr, Moreira RW

Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Piracicaba Dental School, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to histometrically evaluate the influence of low-intensity laser treatment on bone healing around titanium implants placed in rabbit tibiae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each tibia of 12 adult rabbits received a 3.3 x 6-mm titanium implant. The implants placed in the right tibiae were irradiated with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide diode low-intensity laser every 48 hours for 14 days postoperatively, and the left tibiae were not irradiated. After 3 or 6 weeks, the animals were sacrificed (six animals per period), and nondecalcified sections were obtained and analyzed for bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area within the implant threads. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test. RESULTS: BIC was significantly increased in the laser-treated group at both 3 weeks and 6 weeks. BIC did not increase significantly with time (3 weeks versus 6 weeks). Conversely, bone area within the threads was significantly increased with time (3 weeks versus 6 weeks), regardless of whether the laser was used. Considering bone area within the threads, no significant difference was found for treatment, eg, with or without laser. CONCLUSION: Low-intensity laser therapy did not affect the area of bone formed within the threads, but it may improve BIC in rabbit tibiae.

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009 Jan-Feb 24(1) 47-51

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19344024

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Cancer growth and its inhibition in terms of coherence.

Popp FA

International Institute of Biophysics, Neuss, Germany. iib@lifescientists.de

It is shown that a molecular origin for growth inhibition is rather unlikely because the cross-sectional area of inhibitory forces in a cell population cannot exceed more than about 10(-8) Dalton. A model of the time dependence of cell number N(t), where t is the time, is based on biophotons and explains without any contradiction to known experimental results growth regulation in terms of the factor a = 1/T, which stimulates the cell division rate dN/dt and the factor b = dT/dN(1/T(2)), which inhibits cell division. It accounts for the total cell division rate dN/dt = aN(t) – bN(2)(t). For adults, T is the coherence time of about 10(6) s, corresponding to the longest lifetime of cell organelles in men, while dT/dN = 10(-7) s corresponds to the resolution time of the cell population which is always the average time interval between two cell loss events. Our model follows a stringently holistic approach to describing a cell population as an entity, regulated by a fully coherent (biophoton) field.

Electromagn Biol Med 2009 28(1) 53-60

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19337895

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The cybrid model of sporadic Parkinson’s disease.

Trimmer PA, Bennett JP Jr

Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the eponym attached to the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder of adults, derived from observations of an early nineteenth century physician and paleontologist, James Parkinson, and is now recognized to encompass much more than a movement disorder clinically or dopamine neuron death pathologically. Most PD ( approximately 90%) is sporadic (sPD), is associated with mitochondrial deficiencies and has been studied in cell and animal models arising from the use of mitochondrial toxins that unfortunately have not predicted clinical efficacy to slow disease progression in humans. We have extensively studied the cytoplasmic hybrid (“cybrid”) model of sPD in which donor mtDNAs are introduced into and expressed in neural tumor cells with identical nuclear genetic and environmental backgrounds. sPD cybrids demonstrate many abnormalities in which increased oxidative stress drives downstream antioxidant response and cell death activating signaling pathways. sPD cybrids regulate mitochondrial ETC genes and gene ontology families like sPD brain. sPD cybrids spontaneously form Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, linking mtDNA expression to neuropathology, and demonstrate impaired organelle transport in processes and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Our recent studies show that near-infrared laser light therapy normalizes mitochondrial movement and can stimulate respiration in sPD cybrid neurons, and mitochondrial gene therapy can restore respiration and stimulate mitochondrial ETC gene and protein expression. sPD cybrids have provided multiple lines of circumstantial evidence linking mtDNA to sPD pathogenesis and can serve as platforms for therapy development. sPD cybrid models can be improved by the use of non-tumor human stem cell-derived neural precursor cells and by an introduction of postmortem brain mtDNA to test its causality directly.

Exp Neurol 2009 Mar 26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19328199

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[Laser needle acupuncture in women with dysmenorrhoea: a randomised controlled double blind pilot trial]

Kempf D, Berger D, Ausfeld-Hafter B

Kollegiale Instanz fur Komplementarmedizin KIKOM, Universitat Bern, Imhoof-Pavillon, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhoea is a common gynaecological disorder.It is treated symptomatically if it is not caused by any underlying disease. Acupuncture is successfully used for menstrual disorders but is associated with certain side effects such as pain. Laser needle acupuncture is a new, non-invasive procedure that might mimic the effects of acupuncture. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the effect of active laser needle acupuncture is superior to the effect of placebo laser needle acupuncture in women with dysmenorrhoea. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women aged 18-50 years and with a minimum menstrual pain of 4 out of 10 points on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were included in this randomised double blind trial and treated with laser needle acupuncture (Laserneedle Computer-System). Every woman was treated with the same 8 acupuncture points (SP6, LV3 and LI4 bilateral; CV3 and ST36 on the right) in 8 sessions of 20 min each, over a period of 3 menstrual cycles. The primary endpoint was successful pain reduction, defined as a 50% reduction of the mean menstrual pain between baseline and end of the study (calculated from those 2 menstrual days with the worst pain levels on the VAS). We compared real laser acupuncture with placebo laser acupuncture (no laser activity). RESULTS: 48 women, mean age 29.6 +/- 7.5 years, were included in the study (30 women in the placebo group, 18 in the verum group). In the real acupuncture group, the success rate was 16.7% (3/18), in the placebo group 20% (6/30). CONCLUSIONS: We could not find a significant advantage of laser needle acupuncture compared to placebo laser needle acupuncture treatment. Further investigations are recommended because laser needle treatment is non-invasive and allows double blind acupuncture studies.

Forsch Komplementmed 2009 Feb 16(1) 6-12

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19295224

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Effects of near-infrared laser exposure in a cellular model of wound healing.

Skopin MD, Molitor SC

Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have demonstrated beneficial outcomes for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. It has been hypothesized that the benefits of NIR LLLT are due in part to the thermal effects of NIR exposure. However, it is not clear whether photochemical interactions between NIR light and superficial tissues contribute to beneficial outcomes. To investigate the photochemical effects of NIR exposure, the efficacy of 980 nm NIR LLLT on human fibroblast growth rates is investigated using an in vitro model of wound healing. METHODS: A small pipette is used to induce a wound in fibroblast cell cultures, which are imaged at specific time intervals over 48 h and exposed to a range of laser doses (1.5-66 J/cm(2)) selected to encompass the range of doses used during other in vivo and in vitro studies. For each image acquired, wound sizes were quantified using a novel application of existing image processing algorithms. RESULTS: Cell growth rates were compared across different laser exposure intensities with the same exposure duration, and across different laser exposure durations with the same exposure intensity. Exposure to low- and medium-intensity laser light accelerates cell growth, whereas high-intensity light negated the beneficial effects of laser exposure. Cell growth was accelerated over a wide range of exposure durations using medium-intensity laser light, with no significant inhibition of cell growth at the longest exposure durations used in this study. CONCLUSION: Low-level exposure to 980 nm laser light can accelerate wound healing in vitro without measurable temperature increases. However, these results also demonstrate the need for appropriate supervision of laser therapy sessions to prevent overexposure to NIR laser light that may inhibit cell growth rates observed in response to lower intensity laser exposure.

Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009 Apr 25(2) 75-80

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19292782

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The effect of phototherapy on neutrophils.

Morgan MC, Rashid RM

School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States.

Background: The role of phototherapy on neutrophils has not been reviewed previously. This novel and non-invasive therapeutic approach is of particular interest for potential use in the treatment of pathologic processes in dermatology and infectious diseases in which neutrophils are the primary culprit. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to systematically review the role of phototherapy on neutrophils. METHOD: Original publications were identified through searches in PubMed, Medline, Ovid, and the Cochrane Library. Search terms used included “phototherapy and neutrophils,” “light therapy and neutrophils,” and “laser and neutrophils.” Studies were selected based on the level of evidence-based research. RESULTS: The literature search revealed a total of 22 controlled laboratory studies that evaluated the role of phototherapy on neutrophils. Among the effects of phototherapy noted were increases in: the respiratory burst of neutrophils, apoptosis of polymorphonuclear cells, and plasma NO and iNOS mRNA. Other notable findings include decreased: number of neutrophils in areas of inflammation, ROS production, neutrophil anti-apoptotic factors, and IL-1beta concentration. Studies on PDT demonstrated neutrophilia and resultant decreased tumor growth. CONCLUSION: Evidence indicates that phototherapy has a significant impact on neutrophils, the effect of which varies according to the specific type of phototherapy. These findings have a variety of potential clinical applications including the treatment of various autoimmune conditions, inflammatory diseases, and cancers.

Int Immunopharmacol 2009 Apr 9(4) 383-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19291857

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Low-energy laser irradiation promotes synovial fibroblast proliferation by modulating p15 subcellular localization.

Taniguchi D, Dai P, Hojo T, Yamaoka Y, Kubo T, Takamatsu T

Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low-energy laser irradiation (low-level laser therapy) (LELI/LLLT/Photobiomodulation) has been found to modulate various biological effects, especially those involved in promoting cell proliferation. Synovial fibroblasts are important in maintaining the homeostasis of articular joints and have strong chondrogenetic capacity. Here, we investigated the effect and molecular basis of LELI on synovial fibroblast proliferation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: HIG-82 rabbit synovial fibroblasts were cultured, and laser irradiation (660 nm) was applied at the power density of 40 mW/cm(2) for 2 minutes, corresponding to laser fluence of 4.8 J/cm(2). The effect of LELI on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) were investigated. We also examined whether the effects of LELI on HIG-82 cell proliferation were affected by cAMP content, which is known to influence the cell cycle via inducing CKIs. RESULTS: LELI promoted HIG-82 synovial fibroblast proliferation and induced cytoplasmic localization of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15 (INK4B/CDKN2B). Moreover, the proliferation of HIG-82 synovial fibroblasts was reduced by cAMP, while cAMP inhibitor, SQ22536, induced p15 cytoplasmic localization and as a result, elevated synovial fibroblast proliferation was observed. In addition, the promotive effect of LELI-induced HIG-82 synovial fibroblast proliferation was abolished by cAMP treatment. Our findings suggest that cAMP may be involved in the effect of LELI on synovial fibroblast proliferation. CONCLUSION: We revealed the effect and molecular link involved in synovial fibroblast proliferation induced by 660-nm LELI. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which LELI has biological effects on synovial fibroblast proliferation. These insights may contribute to further investigation on biological effects and application of LELI in regenerative medicine.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Mar 41(3) 232-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19291756

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In vivo effects of low level laser therapy on inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Moriyama Y, Nguyen J, Akens M, Moriyama EH, Lilge L

Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been demonstrated to modulate inflammatory processes with evidence suggesting that treatment protocol, such as wavelength, total energy, and number of treatments determine the clinical efficacy. In this study, the effects of LLLT mediated by different wavelengths and continuous versus pulsed delivery mode were quantified in a transgenic murine model with the luciferase gene under control of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: LLLT modulated iNOS gene expressed in the acute Zymosan-induced inflammation model is quantified using transgenic mice (FVB/N-Tg(iNOS-luc)). Here an energy density of 5 J cm(-2) at either 635, 660, 690, and 905 nm in continuous wave mode and at 905 nm for short pulse delivery were evaluated. Age of the animals was determined as additional modulating the inflammatory response and the LLLT efficacy for some treatment protocols. RESULTS: Animals younger than 15 weeks showed mostly reduction of iNOS expression, while older animals showed increased iNOS expression for some LLLT protocols. Intensity and time course of inducible nitric oxide expression was found to not only depend on wavelength, but also on the mode of delivery, continuous, or pulsed irradiation. CONCLUSION: LLLT exhibit different effects in induced inflammatory process according to different wavelengths and wave mode. Upregulation of iNOS gene following 905 nm pulsed wave suggests a different mechanism in activating the inflammatory pathway response when compared to the continuous wave.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Mar 41(3) 227-31

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19291752

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Pulsing influences photoradiation outcomes in cell culture.

Brondon P, Stadler I, Lanzafame RJ

Rochester General Hospital Laser Center, Rochester, New York, USA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Skin pigmentation can adversely affect phototherapy outcomes. Delivering pulsed light has been suggested as a means of enhancing efficacy. Suitable pulse frequencies remain indeterminate, often being selected empirically. This study was undertaken to determine whether pulsed light delivery mitigates the filtering effect of melanin pigment on photomodulation in vitro. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Human HEP-2 cells were cultured in complete DMEM media. Photoradiation was delivered through 0.025% melanin filters at 670 nm (5.0 J/cm(2)/treatment/24 hours) for 72 hours at different pulse rates. Group A received no light treatment. Group B received treatments without pulsing. Groups C, D, E, F, and G received treatments at 6, 18, 36, 100, and 600 Hz. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and oxidative burst was measured using the 2.7 dichloro-fluorescein-diacetate assay. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was maximally stimulated at 100 Hz at 48 and 72 hours (n = 4, P< or =0.05). Oxidative burst was maximally stimulated at 600 Hz (n = 4, P< or =0.05). All frequencies were stimulatory at 48 and 72 hours (n = 4, P< or =0.05). CONCLUSION: This investigation suggests that light pulsing may improve outcomes by mitigating the filtration effects of cutaneous melanin. Further studies to further define these effects are warranted.

Lasers Surg Med 2009 Mar 41(3) 222-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19291749

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[Laserotherapy and mesodiencephalic modulation after hemihepatoectomy in the early postoperative period]

Goidenko VS, Seraia EV, Chzao AV, Lapshin VP, Zhuravel’ SV, Chugunov AO, Andreitseva OI, Riumin AO

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2009 Jan-Feb (1) 39-40

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19288600

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[The use of laseropuncture in patients with bronchial asthma and concomitant chronic rhinosinusitis]

Esaulenko IE, Nikitin AV, Shatalova OL

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2009 Jan-Feb (1) 37-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19288599

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[Impact of low-intensity laser on the suppression of infections caused by Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2: in vitro study]

Ferreira Dde C, Martins FO, Romanos MT

Setor de Doencas Sexualmente Transmissiveis, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ.

The use of low-level laser to suppress infections caused by Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 was evaluated after one to five applications. A gradual reduction in replication of Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 was observed, with 68.4% and 57.3% inhibition, respectively, after five applications, thus favoring its clinical use.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009 Jan-Feb 42(1) 82-5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19287943

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Laser therapy of painful shoulder and shoulder-hand syndrome in treatment of patients after the stroke.

Karabegovic A, Kapidzic-Durakovic S, Ljuca F

Clinic for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Trnovac b.b., 75 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The common complication after stroke is pain and dysfunction of shoulder of paralyzed arm, as well as the swelling of the hand. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LASER therapy and to correlate with electrotherapy (TENS, stabile galvanization) in subjects after stroke. We analyzed 70 subjects after stroke with pain in shoulder and oedema of paralyzed hand. The examinees were divided in two groups of 35, and they were treated in the Clinic for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Tuzla during 2006 and 2007. Experimental group (EG) had a treatment with LASER, while the control group (CG) was treated with electrotherapy. Both groups had kinesis therapy and ice massage. All patients were examined on the admission and discharge by using the VAS, DASH, Barthel index and FIM. The pain intensity in shoulder was significantly reduced in EG (p<0,0001), swelling is lowered in EG (p=0,01). Barthel index in both groups was significant higher (p<0,01). DASH was significantly improved after LASER therapy in EG (p<0,01). EG had higher level of independency (p<0,01). LASER therapy used on EG shows significantly better results in reducing pain, swelling, disability and improvement of independency.

Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2009 Feb 9(1) 59-65

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19284397

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[Application of low-intensity laser radiation and endotoxin-binding preparations to the treatment of female infertility]

Enukidze GG

A total of 38 women of reproductive age (from 20 to 45 years) with chronic inflammatory gynecological diseases including 7 with primary and 9 with secondary infertility were examined by standard clinical, instrumental, and laboratory methods. In addition, variations of such important characteristics as serum endotoxin level and activity of antiendotoxin immunity were measured. The study has demonstrated participation of chronic aggression of endotoxins (of intestinal origin) in pathogenesis of the disorders of interest. Inclusion of the “antiendotoxic component” in the combined therapy allowed the efficacy of the treatment of chronic inflammation and female infertility to be greatly enhanced. It suggests the important (if not decisive) role of bacterial lipopolysacchardides in the pathogenetic mechanism underlying the problems considered in this study.

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2009 Jan-Feb (1) 25-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19284115

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[Parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative protection in patients with chronic pancreatitis treated by low-intensity laser therapy]

Burduli NM, Gutnova SK

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) on the processes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidative protection (AOP) in patients with chronic pancreatitis. A total of 78 patients aged from 36 to 77 years were treated with LILT in addition to conventional therapy; the patients of the control group (n = 40) received only medicamentous therapy. Examination of the patients in the exacerbation phase of chronic pancreatitis revealed activation of LPO processes and differently-directed shifts of AOP components. These changes are supposed to reflect variations in the activity of the inflammatory processes in the pancreas and oxidative stress on this organ.

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2009 Jan-Feb (1) 17-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19284112

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Posted in Research |

Laser vs LED results on muscle damage

Posted on 24 March 2009 by James Carroll

BRAZIL. This study compared the effect of single-diode laser and LED cluster before heavy exercise. Only the LED cluster probe decreased post-exercise creatine kinase levels after the Wingate cycle test. This is not a true comparison of Laser vs LED as the LED irradiance was lower, the total energy was higher and it covered a larger area. Still the results for the LED are impressive and this paper adds more weight to the validity of LED treatments. Read on …

Comparison Between Single-Diode Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and LED Multi-Diode (Cluster) Therapy (LEDT) Applications Before High-Intensity Exercise.

Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Baroni BM, De Marchi T, Rossi RP, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, de Godoi V, Basso M, Mancalossi JL, Bjordal JM.

1 Laboratory of Human Movement, University of Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil .

Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Mar 20.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=19302015[uid]

Posted in Research | 1 Comment

March 2009 LLLT Literature Watch

Posted on 19 March 2009 by James Carroll

This bimonthly literature watch is another record breaker with 46 papers reviewed including nerve regeneration, lymphoedema, wound healing, inflammation, musculoskeletal pain, dental and some mechanism papers.

Abstracts from 7th international congress of the world association for laser therapy october 19-22, 2008.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Feb 27(1) 155-209

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19250054

Phototherapy in peripheral nerve regeneration: From basic science to clinical study.

Rochkind S

Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Object This review summarizes the continuous study of low-power laser radiation treatment of a severely injured peripheral nerve. Laser phototherapy was applied as a supportive factor for accelerating and enhancing axonal growth and regeneration after injury or a reconstructive peripheral nerve procedure. In nerve cell cultures, laser phototherapy was used to stimulate activation of nerve cells. Methods Low-power laser radiation was used for treatment of peripheral nerve injury using a rat sciatic nerve model after crush injury, neurorrhaphy, or neurotube reconstruction. Nerve cell growth and axonal sprouting were investigated using laser phototherapy on embryonic rat brain cultures. The outcome in animal studies facilitated a clinical double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study that measured the effectiveness of 780-nm laser phototherapy on patients suffering from incomplete peripheral nerve injuries for 6 months to several years. Results Animal studies showed that laser phototherapy has an immediate protective effect, maintains functional activity of the injured nerve, decreases scar tissue formation at the injury site, decreases degeneration in corresponding motor neurons of the spinal cord, and significantly increases axonal growth and myelinization. In cell cultures, laser irradiation accelerates migration, nerve cell growth, and fiber sprouting. A pilot clinical double-blind, placebocontrolled, randomized study showed that in patients with incomplete long-term peripheral nerve injury, 780-nm laser radiation can progressively improve peripheral nerve function, which leads to significant functional recovery. Conclusions Using 780-nm laser phototherapy accelerates and enhances axonal growth and regeneration after injury or a reconstructive peripheral nerve procedure. Laser activation of nerve cells, their growth, and axonal sprouting can be considered as potential treatment of neuronal injury. Animal and clinical studies show the promoting action of phototherapy on peripheral nerve regeneration, making it possible to suggest that the time for broader clinical trials has arrived.

Neurosurg Focus 2009 26(2) E8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19199510

The Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Trismus and Facial Swelling Following Surgical Extraction of a Lower Third Molar.

Aras MH, Gungormus M

Research Assistant, Ataturk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on postoperative trismus and edema after the removal of mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients who were to undergo surgical removal of lower third molars were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups, LLLT and placebo. Patients in the LLLT group received 12 J (4 J/cm(2)) low-level laser irradiation to the operative side intraorally 1 cm from the target tissue, and to the masseter muscle extraorally immediately after surgery. In the placebo group the handpiece was inserted into the operative side intraorally and was applied to the masseter muscle extraorally each for 1 min, but laser power was not activated. Inter-incisal opening and facial swelling were evaluated on postoperative days 2 and 7. Student’s t-test used to analyze the data. Results: It was determined that the trismus and the swelling in LLLT group were significantly less than in the placebo group on postoperative days 2 and 7. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that LLLT can be beneficial for the reduction of postoperative trismus and swelling after third molar surgery.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196113

Phototherapy Improves Healing of Chronic Venous Ulcers.

Caetano KS, Frade MA, Minatel DG, Santana LA, Enwemeka CS

Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.

Abstract Objective: We tested the hypothesis that LED phototherapy with combined 660-nm and 890-nm light will promote healing of venous ulcers that failed to respond to other forms of treatment. Background Data: A variety of dressings, growth factors, and adjunct therapies are used to treat venous ulcers, but none seems to yield satisfactory results. Materials and Methods: We used a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study to compare a total of 20 patients divided with 32 chronic ulcers into three groups. In group 1 the ulcers were cleaned, dressed with 1% silver sulfadiazine (SDZ) cream, and treated with placebo phototherapy (<.03 J/cm(-3)) using a Dynatron Solaris 705((R)) phototherapy research device. In group 2 the ulcers were treated similarly but received real phototherapy (3 J/cm(-2)) instead of placebo. In group 3 (controls), the ulcers were simply cleaned and dressed with SDZ without phototherapy. The ulcers were evaluated with digital photography and computer image analysis over 90 d or until full healing was attained. Results: Ulcers treated with phototherapy healed significantly faster than controls when compared at day 30 (p < 0.01), day 60 (p < 0.05), and day 90 (p < 0.001), and similarly healed faster than the placebo-treated ulcers at days 30 and 90 (p < 0.01), but not at day 60. The beneficial effect of phototherapy was more pronounced when the confounding effect of small-sized ulcers was removed from the analysis. Medium- and large-sized ulcers healed significantly faster with treatment (>/=40% rate of healing per month) than placebo or control ulcers (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Phototherapy promotes healing of chronic venous ulcers, particularly large recalcitrant ulcers that do not respond to conventional treatment.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 16

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196110

Clinical Evaluation of Nd:YAG and 685-nm Diode Laser Therapy for Desensitization of Teeth with Gingival Recession.

Dilsiz A, Canakci V, Ozdemir A, Kaya Y

1 Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University , Erzurum, Turkey .

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two types of lasers, the Nd:YAG laser and the 685-nm diode laser, as dentin desensitizers as well as both the immediate and late therapeutic effects on teeth with gingival recession. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 56 teeth in 14 patients with Miller’s class 1 and 2 gingival recession with clinically elicitable dentin hypersensitivity (DH). The patients were divided into two groups: a Nd:YAG-laser-treated group and a 685-nm diode laser-treated group. DH was assessed by means of an air stimulus, and a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure DH. The selected teeth in the two groups received laser therapy for three sessions. Teeth subjected to Nd:YAG-laser treatment were irradiated at 1 W and 10 Hz for 60 sec at 1064 nm, and those receiving 685-nm diode laser treatment were irradiated at 25 mW and 9 Hz for 100 sec. Results: Significant reductions in DH occurred at all time points measured during the three treatment sessions in both treatment groups. Comparing the means of the responses in the three treatment sessions for the two groups revealed that the Nd:YAG laser group had a higher degree of desensitization compared to the other group (p < 0.01). The immediate and late therapeutic effects of the Nd:YAG laser were more evident than those of the 685-nm diode laser. Conclusions: Both of these lasers can be used to reduce DH without adverse effects. Desensitization of teeth with gingival recession with the Nd:YAG laser was more effective than with the diode laser. The Nd:YAG laser appears to be a promising new tool for successfully reducing DH.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Mar 12

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19281413

Effectiveness and Safety of Transcranial Laser Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Zivin JA, Albers GW, Bornstein N, Chippendale T, Dahlof B, Devlin T, Fisher M, Hacke W, Holt W, Ilic S, Kasner S, Lew R, Nash M, Perez J, Rymer M, Schellinger P, Schneider D, Schwab S, Veltkamp R, Walker M, Streeter J

From the Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, Calif; Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Scripps Hospital, Encinitas, Calif; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tenn; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass; Department of Neurology, Universitat Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Fawcett Memorial Hospital, Port Charlotte, Fla; Triage Wireless, Inc, San Diego, Calif; the Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; Boston University, Boston, Mass; DeKalb Neurology Associates, Decatur, Ga; Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru; St. Luke’s Health System, Kansas City, Mo; Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; the Department of Neurology, Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Universitat Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif; and PhotoThera, Inc, Carlsbad, Calif.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We hypothesized that transcranial laser therapy (TLT) can use near-infrared laser technology to treat acute ischemic stroke. The NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial-2 (NEST-2) tested the safety and efficacy of TLT in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized study compared TLT treatment to sham control. Patients receiving tissue plasminogen activator and patients with evidence of hemorrhagic infarct were excluded. The primary efficacy end point was a favorable 90-day score of 0 to 2 assessed by the modified Rankin Scale. Other 90-day end points included the overall shift in modified Rankin Scale and assessments of change in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. RESULTS: We randomized 660 patients: 331 received TLT and 327 received sham; 120 (36.3%) in the TLT group achieved favorable outcome versus 101 (30.9%), in the sham group (P=0.094), odds ratio 1.38 (95% CI, 0.95 to 2.00). Comparable results were seen for the other outcome measures. Although no prespecified test achieved significance, a post hoc analysis of patients with a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of <16 showed a favorable outcome at 90 days on the primary end point (P<0.044). Mortality rates and serious adverse events did not differ between groups with 17.5% and 17.4% mortality, 37.8% and 41.8% serious adverse events for TLT and sham, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TLT within 24 hours from stroke onset demonstrated safety but did not meet formal statistical significance for efficacy. However, all predefined analyses showed a favorable trend, consistent with the previous clinical trial (NEST-1). Both studies indicate that mortality and adverse event rates were not adversely affected by TLT. A definitive trial with refined baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale exclusion criteria is planned.

Stroke 2009 Feb 20

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19233936

Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in muscle healing by low-level laser therapy.

Silveira PC, Silva LA, Fraga DB, Freitas TP, Streck EL, Pinho R

Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica do Exercicio, Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias da Saude, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciuma, SC, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrate that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) modulates many biochemical processes, especially the decrease of muscle injures, the increase in mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis for accelerating the healing process. OBJECTIVE: In this work, we evaluated mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, III and IV and succinate dehydrogenase activities after traumatic muscular injury. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6): sham (uninjured muscle), muscle injury without treatment, muscle injury with LLLT (AsGa) 5J/cm(2). Gastrocnemius injury was induced by a single blunt-impact trauma. LLLT was used 2, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after muscle-trauma. RESULTS: Our results showed that the activities of complex II and succinate dehydrogenase after 5days of muscular lesion were significantly increased when compared to the control group. Moreover, our results showed that LLLT significantly increased the activities of complexes I, II, III, IV and succinate dehydrogenase, when compared to the group of injured muscle without treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the treatment with low-level laser may induce an increase in ATP synthesis, and that this may accelerate the muscle healing process.

J Photochem Photobiol B 2009 Jan 21

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19232497

Effects of low-level light therapy on hepatic antioxidant defense in acute and chronic diabetic rats.

Lim J, Ali ZM, Sanders RA, Snyder AC, Eells JT, Henshel DS, Watkins JB 3rd

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.

Diabetes causes oxidative stress in the liver and other tissues prone to complications. Photobiomodulation by near infrared light (670 nm) has been shown to accelerate diabetic wound healing, improve recovery from oxidative injury in the kidney, and attenuate degeneration in retina and optic nerve. The present study tested the hypothesis that 670 nm photobiomodulation, a low-level light therapy, would attenuate oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant protection system in the liver of a model of type I diabetes. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, ip) then exposed to 670 nm light (9 J/cm(2)) once per day for 18 days (acute) or 14 weeks (chronic). Livers were harvested, flash frozen, and then assayed for markers of oxidative stress. Light treatment was ineffective as an antioxidant therapy in chronic diabetes, but light treatment for 18 days in acutely diabetic rats resulted in the normalization of hepatic glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities and a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S transferase activities. The results of this study suggest that 670 nm photobiomodulation may reduce, at least in part, acute hepatic oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant defense system in the diabetic rat model.

J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009 Jan 23(1) 1-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19202557

Influence of laser (660 nm) on functional recovery of the sciatic nerve in rats following crushing lesion.

Belchior AC, Dos Reis FA, Nicolau RA, Silva IS, Perreira DM, de Carvalho PD

University for State and Pantanal Region Development (UNIDERP), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

With the aim of accelerating the regenerative processes, the objective was to study the influence of gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (660 nm) on functional and histomorphological recovery of the sciatic nerve in rats. The sciatic nerves of 12 Wistar rats were crushed divided into two groups: control and laser therapy. For the latter, GaAlAs laser was utilized (660 nm, 4 J/cm(2), 26.3 mW and 0.63 cm(2) beam), at three equidistant points on the lesion, for 20 days. Comparison of the sciatic functional index (SFI) showed that there was a significant difference only between the pre-lesion value of the laser therapy group and that after the 21st day in the control group. It was concluded that the parameters and methods utilized demonstrated positive results regarding the SFI over the time period evaluated.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Feb 6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19198971

Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Experimental Crystalopathy: Their Modification by Photostimulation.

Rubio CR, Simes JC, Moya M, Soriano F, Palma JA, Campana V

Catedra de Fisica Biomedica, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Vicente Bustos y Rene Favaloro, Capital, Cordoba, Argentina.

Abstract Crystalopathies are inflammatory pathologies caused by cellular reactions to the deposition of crystals in the joints. The anti-inflammatory effect of the helium-neon (He-Ne) laser and that of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diclofenac, meloxicam, celecoxib, and rofecoxib was studied in acute and chronic arthritis produced by hydroxyapatite and calcium pyrophosphate in rats. The presence of the markers fibrinogen, L-citrulline, nitric oxide, and nitrotyrosine was determined. Crystals were injected into the posterior limb joints of the rats. A dose of 8 J/cm(2) of energy from an He-Ne laser was applied for 3 d in some groups and for 5 d in other groups. The levels of some of the biomarkers were determined by spectrophotometry, and that of nitrotyrosine was determined by ELISA. For statistical analysis, Fisher’s exact test was used, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. In arthritic rats, the fibrinogen, L-citrulline, nitric oxide, and nitrotyrosine levels increased in comparison to controls and to the laser-treated arthritic groups (p < 0.001), (p < 0.001), (p < 0.02), and (p < 0.01), respectively. When comparing fibrinogen from arthritic rats with disease induced by hydroxyapatite with undiseased and arthritic rats treated with NSAIDs, the He-Ne laser decreased levels to values similar to those seen in controls (p < 0.01). Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in experimental crystalopathy are positively modified by photobiostimulation.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196109

The Effectiveness of Conservative Treatments of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Splinting, Ultrasound, and Low-Level Laser Therapies.

Dincer U, Cakar E, Kiralp MZ, Kilac H, Dursun H

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of splinting, ultrasound (US), and low-level laser (LLL) in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Background Data: CTS is the entrapment mononeuropathy most frequently seen in clinical practice, caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Although several treatment modalities are routinely in use, there is no consensus about the best way to manage CTS. Materials and Methods: In our study, patients were randomly allocated to three groups that received the following treatment protocols: splinting only, splinting plus US, and splinting plus LLL therapy. Patients were assessed with the Boston Questionnaire, patient satisfaction inquiry, visual analogue scale for pain, and electroneuromyography. Results and Conclusion: The study was completed with a total of 100 hands of 50 women patients with bilateral CTS at 3 mo after treatment. At the end of the follow-up period, each of the groups had improvements to varying degrees. It appeared that the combinations of US or LLL therapy with splinting were more effective than splinting alone in treating CTS. However, LLL therapy plus splinting was more advantageous than US therapy plus splinting, especially for the outcomes of lessening of symptom severity, pain alleviation, and increased patient satisfaction.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196106

Blue 470-nm Light Kills Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Vitro.

Enwemeka CS, Williams D, Enwemeka SK, Hollosi S, Yens D

School of Health Professions, Behavioral, and Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York.

Abstract Background Data: In a previous study, we showed that 405-nm light photo-destroys methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The 390-420 nm spectral width of the 405-nm superluminous diode (SLD) source may raise safety concerns in clinical practice, because of the trace of ultraviolet (UV) light within the spectrum. Objective: Here we report the effect of a different wavelength of blue light, one that has no trace of UV, on two strains of MRSA-the US-300 strain of CA-MRSA and the IS-853 strain of HA-MRSA-in vitro. Materials and Methods: We cultured and plated each strain, and then irradiated each plate with 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 J/cm(2) of energy a single time, using a 470-nm SLD phototherapy device. The irradiated specimens were then incubated at 35 degrees C for 24 h. Subsequently, digital images were made and quantified to obtain colony counts and the aggregate area occupied by bacteria. Results: Photo-irradiation produced a statistically significant dose-dependent reduction in both the number and the aggregate area of colonies formed by each strain (p < 0.001). The higher the dose the more bacteria were killed, but the effect was not linear, and was more impressive at lower doses than at higher doses. Nearly 30% of both strains was killed with as little as 3 J/cm(2) of energy. As much as 90.4% of the US-300 and the IS-853 colonies, respectively, were killed with an energy density of 55 J/cm(2). This same dose eradicated 91.7% and 94.8% of the aggregate area of the US-300 and the IS-853 strains, respectively. Conclusion: At practical dose ranges, 470-nm blue light kills HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA in vitro, suggesting that a similar bactericidal effect may be attained in human cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous MRSA infections.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 28

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196103

Light and Life: A Personal Overview of Development in the Fields of Photosurgery and Phototherapy.

Ohshiro T

Ohshiro Clinic and Japan Medical Laser Laboratory, Shinjuku. Tokyo, Japan.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19182973

Efficacy of pneumatic compression and low-level laser therapy in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphoedema: a randomized controlled trial.

Kozanoglu E, Basaran S, Paydas S, Sarpel T

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.

Objective: To compare the long-term efficacy of pneumatic compression and low-level laser therapies in the management of postmastectomy lymphoedema.Design: Randomized controlled trial.Setting: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of Cukurova University, Turkey.Subjects: Forty-seven patients with postmastectomy lymphoedema were enrolled in the study.Interventions: Patients were randomly allocated to pneumatic compression (group I, n=24) and low-level laser (group II, n=23) groups. Group I received 2 hours of compression therapy and group II received 20 minutes of laser therapy for four weeks. All patients were advised to perform daily limb exercises.Main measures: Demographic features, difference between sum of the circumferences of affected and unaffected limbs (triangle upC), pain with visual analogue scale and grip strength were recorded.Results: Mean age of the patients was 48.3 (10.4) years. triangle upC decreased significantly at one, three and six months within both groups, and the decrease was still significant at month 12 only in group II (P = 0.004). Improvement of group II was greater than that of group I post treatment (P = 0.04) and at month 12 after 12 months (P = 0.02). Pain was significantly reduced in group I only at posttreatment evaluation, whereas in group II it was significant post treatment and at follow-up visits. No significant difference was detected in pain scores between the two groups. Grip strength was improved in both groups, but the differences between groups were not significant.Conclusions: Patients in both groups improved after the interventions. Group II had better long-term results than group I. Low-level laser might be a useful modality in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphoedema.

Clin Rehabil 2009 Feb 23(2) 117-24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19164399

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in dermatology.

Barolet D

RoseLab Skin Optics Research Laboratory, 3333 Graham Blvd., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. daniel.barolet@mcgill.ca

Light-emitting diode photobiomodulation is the newest category of nonthermal light therapies to find its way to the dermatologic armamentarium. In this article, we briefly review the literature on the development of this technology, its evolution within esthetic and medical dermatology, and provide practical and technical considerations for use in various conditions. This article also focuses on the specific cell-signaling pathways involved and how the mechanisms at play can be put to use to treat a variety of cutaneous problems as a stand-alone application and/or complementary treatment modality or as one of the best photodynamic therapy light source.

Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008 Dec 27(4) 227-38

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19150294

A study to determine the efficacy of a novel handheld light-emitting diode device in the treatment of photoaged skin.

Sadick NS

Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. nssderm@sadickdermatology.com

The use of visible or near-infrared spectral light alone for the purpose of skin rejuvenation has been previously reported in the literature. These devices use large arrays of diodes to deliver light to the skin. In this study, a novel method of light-emitting diode (LED) photo rejuvenation incorporating a combination of these wavelengths delivered from a small handheld unit is proposed. Twenty-two subjects with facial rhytides received eight light therapy treatments over a course of 4 weeks, using the Omnilux handheld LED system. Assessment of global skin grading was evaluated at weeks 6, 9, and 12 by a dermatologist. Additional outcome measures included assessments of clinical photography and patient satisfaction scores. Seventy-four percent of the subjects reported a visible improvement in fine lines and wrinkles at 8 weeks posttreatment. Combination red and near-infrared LED therapy delivered from a small portable handheld unit represents an effective and acceptable method of photo rejuvenation. Further studies to optimize the parameters of treatment are required.

J Cosmet Dermatol 2008 Dec 7(4) 263-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19146602

Molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by low power laser irradiation.

Gao X, Xing D

MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China. xingda@scnu.edu.cn.

ABSTRACT: Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. Other two pathways, DeltaPsim/ATP/cAMP/JNK/AP-1 and ROS/Src, are also involved in LPLI-induced proliferation. LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. Furthermore, LPLI induces the synthesis or release of many molecules, like growth factors, interleukins, inflammatory cytokines and others, which are related to promotive effects of LPLI.

J Biomed Sci 2009 Jan 16(1) 4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19272168

Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.

Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G, Carroll LJ, Nordin M, Guzman J, Peloso PM, Holm LW, Cote P, Hogg-Johnson S, Cassidy JD, Haldeman S

Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA. ehurwitz@aii.edu

STUDY DESIGN: Best evidence synthesis. OBJECTIVE: To identify, critically appraise, and synthesize literature from 1980 through 2006 on noninvasive interventions for neck pain and its associated disorders. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: No comprehensive systematic literature reviews have been published on interventions for neck pain and its associated disorders in the past decade. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline and screened for relevance literature published from 1980 through 2006 on the use, effectiveness, and safety of noninvasive interventions for neck pain and associated disorders. Consensus decisions were made about the scientific merit of each article; those judged to have adequate internal validity were included in our best evidence synthesis. RESULTS: Of the 359 invasive and noninvasive intervention articles deemed relevant, 170 (47%) were accepted as scientifically admissible, and 139 of these related to noninvasive interventions (including health care utilization, costs, and safety). For whiplash-associated disorders, there is evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial than usual care or physical modalities. For other neck pain, the evidence suggests that manual and supervised exercise interventions, low-level laser therapy, and perhaps acupuncture are more effective than no treatment, sham, or alternative interventions; however, none of the active treatments was clearly superior to any other in either the short- or long-term. For both whiplash-associated disorders and other neck pain without radicular symptoms, interventions that focused on regaining function as soon as possible are relatively more effective than interventions that do not have such a focus. CONCLUSION: Our best evidence synthesis suggests that therapies involving manual therapy and exercise are more effective than alternative strategies for patients with neck pain; this was also true of therapies which include educational interventions addressing self-efficacy. Future efforts should focus on the study of noninvasive interventions for patients with radicular symptoms and on the design and evaluation of neck pain prevention strategies.

J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2009 Feb 32(2 Suppl) S141-75

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19251061

Ultrastructural analysis of the low level laser therapy effects on the lesioned anterior tibial muscle in the Gerbil.

Iyomasa DM, Garavelo I, Iyomasa MM, Watanabe IS, Issa JP

Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is known for its positive results but studies on the biological and biomodulator characteristics of the effects produced in the skeletal muscle are still lacking. In this study the effects of two laser dosages, 5 or 10J/cm(2), on the lesioned tibial muscle were compared. Gerbils previously lesioned by 100g load impact were divided into three groups: GI (n=5) controls, lesion non-irradiated; GII (n=5), lesion irradiated with 5J/cm(2) and GIII (n=5), lesion irradiated with 10J/cm(2), and treated for 7 consecutive days with a laser He-Ne (lambda=633nm). After intracardiac perfusion, the muscles were dissected and reduced to small fragments, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in increasing alcohol concentrations, treated with propylene oxide and embedded in Spurr resin at 60 degrees C. Ultrafine cuts examined on a transmission electron microscope (Jeol 1010) revealed in the control GI group a large number of altered muscle fibers with degenerating mitochondria, intercellular substance containing degenerating cell fragments and budding blood capillaries with underdeveloped endothelial cells. However, groups GII and GIII showed muscle fibers with few altered myofibrils, regularly contoured mitochondria, ample intermembrane spaces and dilated mitochondrial crests. The clean intercellular substance showed numerous collagen fibers and capillaries with multiple abluminal processes, intraluminal protrusions and several pinocytic vesicles in endothelial cells. It was concluded that laser dosages of 5 or 10J/cm(2) delivered by laser He-Ne (lambda=633nm) during 7 consecutive days increase mitochondrial activity in muscular fibers, activate fibroblasts and macrophages and stimulate angiogenesis, thus suggesting effectivity of laser therapy under these experimental conditions.

Micron 2009 Feb 13

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19269186

Immunohistochemical Assessment of Myofibroblasts and Lymphoid Cells During Wound Healing in Rats Subjected to Laser Photobiomodulation at 660 nm.

Ribeiro MA, Albuquerque RL, Ramalho LM, Pinheiro AL, Bonjardim LR, Da Cunha SS

Propedeutics and Integrated Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, School of Dentistry, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

Abstract Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the biomodulatory effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on myofibroblasts and T and B cells during wound healing. Background Data: Phtotobiomodulation using LLLT has been extensively applied to improve wound healing. Materials and Methods: Standardized artificial surgical wounds were made on the backs of 24 male rats. Half of them underwent LLLT (20 J/cm(2)) at 660 nm delivered for 7 d. At 8 and 14 d post-surgery the healing wounds were removed and immunohistochemical analysis of myofibroblasts, T cells, and B cells was carried out. The mean of each cell subset was calculated and compared to one another using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Results: The average number of myofibroblasts was statistically significantly higher in the irradiated group than in the non-irradiated group on the eighth (p = 0.001) but not the 14th (p = 0.555) day. B and T cells were significantly more conspicuous in the irradiated group on both the eighth (p = 0.004 and 0.02, respectively) and 14th days (p = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that LLLT facilitates myofibroblastic differentiation during the early stages of the cicatricial repair process. Furthermore, LLLT also appears to modulate the inflammatory response by downregulating lymphocytic proliferation during the wound healing process.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Feb 27(1) 49-55

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19250051

Low-level laser therapy in subacromial impingement syndrome.

Bal A, Eksioglu E, Gurcay E, Gulec B, Karaahmet O, Cakci A

Ministry of Health, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey.

Abstract Background Data and Objective: Although previous studies have evaluated the effect of different kinds of physical therapy in subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS), there have been few investigations assessing the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in shoulder disorders. The goal of this prospective randomized study was to assess whether gallium-arsenide (Ga-As) laser therapy improves the outcome of a comprehensive home exercise program in patients with SIS. Materials and Methods: Forty-four newly-diagnosed SIS patients were enrolled in this study. Group 1 patients (n = 22) received Ga-As laser therapy combined with a 12-wk comprehensive home exercise program, and group 2 patients (n = 22) received the same 12-wk comprehensive home exercise program alone. Night pain, shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and University of California-Los Angeles end-result (UCLA) scores were used as outcome measures. Results: Both groups showed a significant reduction in night pain and SPADI scores at the second and 12th weeks with respect to baseline values, with the exception of the SPADI total score at the second week in group 1. UCLA results improved significantly in both groups at the 12th in comparison to the second week. There were no significant differences between groups in mean actual changes in night pain and SPADI scores at the second week from baseline. When values at the 12th week were compared to baseline, mean actual changes in night pain differed significantly between the groups, with a larger change in group 1, but there was no difference between groups in mean actual change in SPADI scores. Second- and 12th-week UCLA scores did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study was unable to demonstrate any distinct advantage of low-level laser therapy over exercise alone. Comprehensive home exercise programs should be the primary therapeutic option in the rehabilitation process in SIS.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Feb 27(1) 31-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19250050

Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser irradiation abolishes the increase in interleukin-6 levels caused by peptidoglycan through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in human pulp cells.

Shiba H, Tsuda H, Kajiya M, Fujita T, Takeda K, Hino T, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H

Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. bashihi@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

The anti-inflammatory effects of low-power laser irradiation have previously been reported. However, how the laser irradiation regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines remains unknown. In the present study, to elucidate the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory effect, we examined the effects of low-power neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation on interleukin (IL)-6 expression in human pulp (HP) cells stimulated by peptidoglycan (PGN) and focused on intracellular signaling pathways. Low-power Nd:YAG laser irradiation obviated the PGN-induced increase in IL-6 levels in HP cells. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB203580, also inhibited the increase in IL-6 messenger RNA levels. PGN stimulated the activity of phosphorylated p38 in HP cells. Low-power laser irradiation inhibited the activity. Thus, suppression of the phosphorylated p38 activity by low-power laser irradiation in HP cells culminates in inhibition of the increase in IL-6 induced by PGN, suggesting that low-power laser irradiation regulates intracellular signaling molecule activities to exert its anti-inflammatory effect.

J Endod 2009 Mar 35(3) 373-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19249598

Comparative analysis of coherent light action (laser) versus non-coherent light (light-emitting diode) for tissue repair in diabetic rats.

Dall Agnol MA, Nicolau RA, de Lima CJ, Munin E

Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, mauroccs@gmail.com.

The already known benefits produced by the interaction of coherent light (laser) with biologic tissues determine its use as an adjuvant in the treatment of several complications associated with diabetes. Non-coherent light, such as that emitted by light emitting diodes (LEDs), becomes a promising alternative, because of its low cost and easy handling in these applications. Thirty-six rats were given surgical dorsum lesions. The lesions for the control group did not receive any supporting therapy. The other groups were irradiated only once, 30 min after the establishment of the lesion, with LED (640 nm with 40 nm full bandwidth at half maximum) or laser (660 nm). The histomorphological and histomorphometrical parameters were quantified. The coherent and non-coherent lights produced similar effects during a period of 168 h after the lesions had been made. For the group composed of diabetic animals, 72 h after creation of the lesion, it was observed that the therapy with LEDs had been more efficient than that with the laser in the reduction of the wounds’ diameters.

Lasers Med Sci 2009 Feb 24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19238507

Cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters: evaluation of two low-intensity laser protocols.

Lopes NN, Plapler H, Chavantes MC, Lalla RV, Yoshimura EM, Alves MT

Department of Experimental Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Sao Paulo, Brazil, CEP 04023-062, nnflopes@terra.com.br.

GOAL OF WORK: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms whereby low-intensity laser therapy may affect the severity of oral mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hamster cheek pouch model of oral mucositis was used with all animals receiving intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil followed by surface irritation. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups and treated with a 35 mW laser, 100 mW laser, or no laser. Clinical severity of mucositis was assessed at four time-points by a blinded examiner. Buccal pouch tissue was harvested from a subgroup of animals in each group at four time-points. This tissue was used for immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and factor VIII (marker of microvessel density) and the resulting staining was quantified. MAIN RESULTS: Peak severity of mucositis was reduced in the 35 mW laser group as compared to the 100 mW laser and control groups. This reduced peak clinical severity of mucositis in the 35 mW laser group was accompanied by a significantly lower level of COX-2 staining. The 100 mW laser did not have an effect on the severity of clinical mucositis, but was associated with a decrease in VEGF levels at the later time-points, as compared to the other groups. There was no clear relationship of VEGF levels or microvessel density to clinical mucositis severity. CONCLUSION: The tissue response to laser therapy appears to vary by dose. Low-intensity laser therapy appears to reduce the severity of mucositis, at least in part, by reducing COX-2 levels and associated inhibition of the inflammatory response.

Support Care Cancer 2009 Feb 22

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19234862

Mitochondrial Responses of Normal and Injured Human Skin Fibroblasts Following Low Level Laser Irradiation-An In Vitro Study.

Zungu IL, Hawkins Evans D, Abrahamse H

Laser Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Abstract Laser irradiation has proved to be very efficient in speeding and improving the quality of healing in pathological conditions of diverse etiologies. However, the mechanisms by which the beneficial effects are attained are not clear. Mitochondria are the primary phototargets during irradiation. The study aimed to establish if laser irradiation had an effect on hypoxic and acidotic cells. The study also aimed to use existing information regarding the possible mechanism of action (established in wounded cells) and apply these principles to acidic and hypoxic irradiated cells to determine whether laser has a stimulatory or inhibitory effect. Cell cultures were modified to simulate conditions of hypoxia (hypoxic gas mixture 95% N(2) and 5% O(2)) and acidosis (pH 6.7) whereas the central scratch model was used to simulate a wound. Cells were irradiated with a helium-neon (632.8 nm, 3 mW cm(-2)) laser using 5 or 16 J cm(-2) on days 1 and 4. Mitochondrial responses were measured 1 or 24 h after laser irradiation by assessing changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cyclic AMP, intracellular Ca(2+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) cell viability. Hypoxia and acidosis significantly reduced MMP when compared with normal nonirradiated control cells. Wounded, hypoxic and acidotic cells irradiated with 5 J cm(-2) showed an increase in mitochondrial responses when compared with nonirradiated cells while 16 J cm(-2) showed a significant decrease. The study confirmed that laser irradiation with 5 J cm(-2) stimulated an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) which resulted in an increase in MMP, ATP and cAMP, which ultimately results in photobiomodulation to restore homeostasis of injured cells.

Photochem Photobiol 2009 Feb 11

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19222797

Phenothiazine Chloride and Soft Laser Light Have a Biostimulatory Effect on Human Osteoblastic Cells.

Stein E, Koehn J, Sutter W, Schmidl C, Lezaic V, Wendtlandt G, Watzinger F, Turhani D

Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Abstract Objective: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a well accepted tool to accelerate wound healing and to reduce inflammation after oral implant insertion. Since there are no in vitro data on a combination of LLLT with prior photosensitization, it was the aim of this study to investigate if photosensitization with phenothiazine chloride results in an alteration of the biostimulatory effect of low-level laser irradiation. Background Data: LLLT and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy are well established for the treatment of peri-implantitis. In vitro studies have shown a biostimulatory effect of LLLT on various cell types, including osteogenic cells. Materials and Methods: SaOS-2 cells were treated with the photosensitizer phenothiazine chloride before irradiation with matched laser light. At 24-h intervals the viability and differentiation were analyzed in treated and untreated cells. Results: While the biostimulatory effect of the LLLT could be observed for the lower irradiation dose, the pretreatment with phenothiazine chloride did not significantly affect the growth and differentiation of the SaOS-2 cells. Conclusion: It can thus be concluded that combined treatment with phenothiazine chloride and LLLT does not result in a synergistic enhancement of the biostimulatory effect of LLLT, but there was also no evidence for antagonizing effects on growth and differentiation of human osteoblasts.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196108

Effect of Low-Level Infrared Laser Therapy on Large Surgical Osteochondral Defect in Rabbit: A Histological Study.

Bayat M, Kamali F, Dadpay M

Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, and Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University (M.C.), Tehran, Iran.

Abstract Objective: The present study investigates whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can accelerate healing of large osteochondral defects in rabbits. Background Data: LLLT has been used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and fractures. Materials and Methods: Seventy rabbits were divided into control and experimental groups. Under sterile conditions and after general anesthesia, the rabbits received one full-thickness defect 5 mm wide by 10 mm deep in the distal portion of the patellar groove of the right femur. The rabbits in the experimental group were exposed to a pulsed 890-nm infrared laser (1500 Hz, 4.8 J/cm(2) energy density, spot size 1 cm) twice weekly. The rabbits were killed at 2 wk, 1 mo, 2 mo, and 4 mo post-surgery. The defects were evaluated macroscopically and histologically for the filling of the defect, integration of repair tissue, matrix staining, and cellular morphology. The Student’s t-test was performed to determine the differences between the control and experimental groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Results in the experimental group were better than those in the control group; however, there were no significant differences between the two study groups. Conclusion: LLLT did not accelerate healing of large osteochondral defects in rabbits.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 26

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19196107

Laser Therapy Converts Diabetic Wound Healing to Normal Healing.

Al-Watban FA

Laser Medicine Research Section, Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Abstract Objective: We have determined optimal laser dosimetric parameters in comparison with polychromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that can speed up healing in four animal models: non-diabetic oval full-thickness wounds, diabetic oval full-thickness wounds, non-diabetic burns, and diabetic burns in Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: This series of studies used 532-, 633-, 810-, 980-, and 10,600-nm lasers (visible to far infrared) and polychromatic LED clusters (510-872 nm, visible to infrared) as photon sources. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 893) were used; however, animals that died before and during the experiments from anesthesia accidents and for any other reason were excluded from statistical analysis. Results: The improvements seen (>10% improvement of impairment) show that phototherapy with the 633-nm laser is quite promising for alleviating diabetic wound and burn healing, and exhibited the best results with 38.5% and 53.4% improvements, respectively. Conclusion: In this induced-diabetes model, wound and burn healing were improved by 40.3% and 45%, respectively, in 633-nm laser dosimetry experiments, and diabetic wound and burn healing was accelerated by phototherapy. This indicates that the healing rate was normalized in the phototherapy-treated diabetic rats. In view of these interesting findings, 633-nm laser therapy given three times per week at 4.71 J/cm(2) per dose for diabetic burns, and three times per week at 2.35 J/cm(2) per dose for diabetic wound healing are recommended as actual doses for human clinical trials, especially after major surgery in those with impaired healing, such as diabetics and the elderly.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Feb 4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19193104

Effect of Laser Phototherapy on the Release of TNF-alpha and MMP-1 by Endodontic Sealer-Stimulated Macrophages.

Sousa LR, Cavalcanti BN, Marques MM

Departamento de Dentistica, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to analyze the effect of laser phototherapy on the secretory activity of macrophages activated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and stimulated by substances leached from an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus) and a calcium hydroxide-based sealer (Sealapex). Background Data: Laser phototherapy can modulate the inflammatory process, improving wound healing. This type of therapy could be useful for modulating postoperative symptoms seen after endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity was indirectly assessed by measuring mitochondrial activity. Macrophages were stimulated by the leached substances or not (controls), and the groups were then irradiated or not. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and MMP-1) was analyzed using ELISA. Two irradiations at 6-h intervals were done with an As-Ga-Al diode laser (780 nm, 70 mW, spot size 4.0 mm(2), 3 J/cm(2), for 1.5 sec) in contact mode. Results: The sealers were non-cytotoxic to macrophages. The production of TNF-alpha was significantly decreased by laser phototherapy, regardless of experimental group. The level of secretion of MMP-1 was similar in all groups. Conclusion: Based on the conditions of this study we concluded that in activated macrophages, laser phototherapy impairs the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, but has no influence on MMP-1 secretion.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19182976

Effects of Red Light Emitting Diode on Apoptosis of HeLa Cells and Suppression of Implanted HeLa Cells Growth in Mice.

Zhang L, Xiong Z, Li Z, Yao B, Zhang D

Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology.

Low intensity irradiation of cells by laser was an effective method of biostimulation. Here, we have extended these actions to evaluate the apoptosis effects in red light emitting diode (RLED) exposure. Through morphological observation, flow cytometric analysis, intracellular calcium measurement and RT-PCR, we found that HeLa cells in 24 h RLED irradiation in in-vitro experiments would significantly affects the induction of cellular apoptosis, and morphological changes such as the loose arrangement of cells, the noticeable development of apoptotic bodies,and the accompaniment of arrested S phase and activated caspases-3,-6,-8. Moreover, intracellular calcium concentrations markedly increased 40.3 +/- 1.3% and 43.1 +/- 0.8% respectively, relative to an extracellular solution containing the Ca(2+) and Ca(2+) free unexposed group. In in-vivo tests, RLED irradiation decreased the growth of tumors on day 50 and attenuated the elevation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in HeLa cell implanted BALB/c mice. Taken together, our results suggest that RLED could induce HeLa cell apoptosis and convey potential antitumor properties.

J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 2009 Jan 22

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19164885

The effects of polarized light therapy in pressure ulcer healing.

Durovic A, Maric D, Brdareski Z, Jevtic M, Durdevic S

Military Medical Academy, Clinic for Phyisical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Belgrade, Serbia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Neglecting polarized light as an adjuvant therapy for pressure ulcers and methodology distinctions in the trials engaging polarized light are the reasons for many dilemmas and contradictions. The aim of this study was to establish the effects of polarized light therapy in pressure ulcer healing. METHODS: This prospective randomized single-blind study involved 40 patients with stage I-III of pressure ulcer. The patients in the experimental group (E) were subjected, besides polarized light therapy, to standard wound cleaning and dressing. Standard wound cleaning and dressing were the only treatment used in the control group (C). A polarized light source was a Bioptron lamp. Polarized light therapy was applied for six min daily, five times a week, four weeks. The Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) was used in the assessment of outcome. Statistic analysis included Mann Whitney Test, Fisher Exact Test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the groups at the end of the treatment regarding the surface of pressure ulcer (E: 10.80 +/- 19.18; C: 22,97 +/- 25,47; p = 0.0005), rank of pressure ulcer (E: 5.90 +/- 2.48; C: 8.6 +/- 1.05; p = 0.0005) and total PUSH score (E: 7.35 +/- 3.17; C: 11.85 +/- 2.35; p = 0,0003). The patients in the experimental group had significantly better values of the parameters monitored than the patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: After a four-week polarized light therapy 20 patients with stage I-III ulcer had significant improvement in pressure ulcer healing, so it could be useful to apply polarized light in the treatment of pressure ulcers.

Vojnosanit Pregl 2008 Dec 65(12) 906-12

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19160985

[Polioxidonium in comprehensive therapy of recurrent herpetic stomatitis in children with allergic diseases]

In the study with participation of 96 children of 1-7 years age with recurrent herpetic stomatitis and allergic diseases therapeutic efficacy of Polioxidonium was investigated. Polioxidonium was used in combination with traditional methods and with He-Ne-laser irradiation. Local oral cavity immunity, indexes of cellular immunity (in the reaction of lymphocytes blast-transformation with phytohemagglutinin), indexes of humoral immunity (IgG and IgE) were studied, complement C(3)-component was determined. Polioxidonium in combination with traditional methods and with laser therapy for recurrent herpetic stomatitis treatment in children with allergic diseases influenced favourably upon clinical course of allergic diseases, let achieve stable remission, increased efficacy of their treatment, promoted immunological status and shorten the terms of medical rehabilitation.

Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2008 87(6) 52-5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19156106

Microcirculatory responses to acupuncture stimulation and phototherapy.

Komori M, Takada K, Tomizawa Y, Nishiyama K, Kondo I, Kawamata M, Ozaki M

Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 2-1-10, Nishiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan. komorim@nifty.com

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture stimulation and phototherapy have been reported to have analgesic effects and improve the microcirculation. However, few studies have directly examined changes in peripheral blood vessels, either quantitatively or objectively. We assessed the responses of arteriolar blood flow to acupuncture stimulation and phototherapy under direct vision to examine the effects of these treatments. METHODS: We used 40 rabbits with a rabbit ear chamber attached to the auricle. The rabbit ear chamber was fixed to the auricle under a dissecting microscope. Arterioles were selected and observed with the use of a microscope video camera. Pentobarbital was injected IV. The trachea was intubated and spontaneous respiration was maintained. Rabbits were randomly assigned to receive acupuncture stimulation (acupuncture group, n = 10), near-infrared lamp irradiation (lamp group, n = 10), near-infrared low-powered laser irradiation (laser group, n = 10), or no irradiation (control group, n = 10). In the acupuncture group, an acupuncture needle was placed in the auricle for 20 min. The lamp group repeatedly received 1 s of near infrared irradiation (1540 mW) followed by 4 s of treatment cessation. The laser group continuously received 60 mW of laser irradiation. In the lamp and laser groups, the auricle (same site as that of the acupuncture needles in the acupuncture group) was irradiated for 10 min with a contact probe. Arteriolar diameter and blood flow velocity were measured at baseline and for 60 min after acupuncture or irradiation treatment. Blood flow rate was calculated by multiplying the blood flow velocity by the cross-sectional area of the vessels. RESULTS: Arteriolar diameter significantly increased to 131% +/- 14% in the acupuncture group (P < 0.005), 129% +/- 19% in the lamp group (P < 0.005), and 128% +/- 11% in the laser group (P < 0.005) when compared with the pretreatment value (100%). Maximum values were reached 20 min after the end of the acupuncture stimulation, and 10 min after the end of lamp and laser irradiation. The three groups showed significant increases in arteriolar diameter when compared with the control group (P < 0.005). Blood flow velocity and blood flow rate showed similar trends to arteriolar diameter. Treatment effect persisted for 40-50 min after the end of stimulation and irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture stimulation and phototherapy were directly confirmed to increase the diameter and blood flow velocity of the peripheral arterioles. Acupuncture stimulation and phototherapy, associated with minimal systemic and local side effects, can enhance the microcirculation and may be a useful supportive treatment for diseases caused by poor peripheral blood flow.

Anesth Analg 2009 Feb 108(2) 635-40

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19151301

Lymphedema: a primer on the identification and management of a chronic condition in oncologic treatment.

Lawenda BD, Mondry TE, Johnstone PA

Radiation Oncology, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA. brian.lawenda@med.navy.mil

The primary goals of oncologic therapy are the compassionate care of cancer patients, eradication of disease, and palliation of symptoms. Advances in various targeted therapies such as highly conformal and image-guided radiotherapy techniques, sentinel lymph node dissection, and molecularly targeted agents hold the promise of allowing those goals to be reached with fewer treatment-related complications. Unfortunately, certain side effects remain problematic due to the inability to completely avoid injuring normal tissues. Lymphedema, a chronic condition that occurs as a result of the body’s inability to drain lymph fluid from the tissues, is a common treatment-related side effect experienced by cancer patients. In this review, many of the important aspects of lymphedema with which clinicians who treat cancer patients should be familiar are outlined, including the anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this condition. The authors also identify some of the resources available both to cancer patients with lymphedema and to the clinicians who treat them. It is hoped that this review will convey the importance of the early identification and management of this incurable disorder because this is essential to minimizing its complications.

CA Cancer J Clin 2009 Jan-Feb 59(1) 8-24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19147865

Effect of low-intensity laser irradiation and wideband red light on experimentally ischemized myocardium.

Malinovskaya SL, Monich VA, Artifeksova AA

State Medical Academy, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia. vamm@list.ru

The effect of helium-neon laser irradiation and wideband red light on electrical activity of open rat heart was examined after experimentally produced ischemia. The red light applied with the help of optical fibers modified parameters of cardiac electrical activity and intensity of lipid peroxidation in the myocardium. The effects of laser and red light irradiation differed significantly.

Bull Exp Biol Med 2008 May 145(5) 573-5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19145284

Regulation of cellular immunity by Photo(chemo)therapy.

Grundmann SA, Beissert S

Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.

Phototherapy and photochemotherapy are important treatment regimens for inflammatory as well as malignant diseases in dermatology. Both treatment modalities have been developed already three decades ago and therefore profound knowledge exists on the use, efficacy, and long-term side effects. Since the development of new mmunosuppressive medications, biologics, and changes in medical reimbursement policies, phototherapy is currently less frequently used compared to previous years to treat psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. However, cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that phototherapy can significantly induce therapeutic beneficial effects on a large number of inflammatory and malignant skin disorders at a low cost of treatment rate. Since many chronic skin disorders require rotational treatment regimens to decrease the development of (long-term) adverse events, phototherapy will play an important role in dermatology in future years. In the following the molecular as well as cellular mechanisms of phototherapy are described and discussed in light of the fact that photobiology is a very active field in biomedical research.

Front Biosci 2009 14 4326-36

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19273352

Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis.

Man LX

Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Otolaryngologists and other physicians who diagnose and treat allergic rhinitis encounter patients who use complementary medicine and alternative remedies. This article reviews the recent literature regarding complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. RECENT FINDINGS: There are a myriad of modalities for treating allergic rhinitis. Few are studied with rigorous randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials for clinical efficacy. Often, the biological mechanisms and adverse effects are even less well understood. A few therapies, including spirulina, butterbur, and phototherapy hold some promise. Thus far, complementary and alternative therapies have not been integrated into the general treatment armamentarium of allergic rhinitis. SUMMARY: Several studies report beneficial effects of certain alternative treatments for allergic rhinitis. Additional insight into the mechanisms of action, short-term and long-term effects, and adverse events is needed.

Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009 Mar 2

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19262383

Photostimulation of astrocytes with femtosecond laser pulses.

Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Lv X, Zhou W, Luo Q, Zeng S

Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.

The involvement of astrocytes in brain functions rather than support has been identified and widely concerned. However the lack of an effective stimulation of astrocytes hampers our understanding of their essential roles. Here, we employed 800-nm near infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser to induce Ca2+ wave in astrocytes. It was demonstrated that photostimulation of astrocytes with femtosecond laser pulses is efficient with the advantages of non-contact, non-disruptiveness, reproducibility, and high spatiotemporal precision. Photostimulation of astrocytes would facilitate investigations on information processing in neuronal circuits by providing effective way to excite astrocytes.

Opt Express 2009 Feb 2 17(3) 1291-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19188957

[Effectiveness of photo- and mesophotophoresis in the combined treatment of patients with chronic generalized parodontitis]

Prikuls VF, Gerasimenko MIu

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2008 Nov-Dec (6) 42-3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19177664

[Photophoresis and mesophotophoresis of angioprotectant group preparations for comprehensive treatment of patients with chronic generalized parodontitis]

Examination of 118 patients with chronic generalized parodontitis of medium and heavy severity was performed and treatment was elaborated with the use of laser therapy and angioprotectants’ photophoresis and mesophotophoresis. Use of the mentioned physical and physical-pharmacological methods in comprehensive cure let to shorten the course of treatment and increase remission duration.

Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2008 87(6) 27-30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19156103

Future considerations in cutaneous photomedicine.

Winstanley DA, Uebelhoer NS

Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34520 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, USA. douglas.winstanley@med.navy.mil

Laser and light technology and their use in dermatology are rapidly advancing. Radiofrequency devices have recently integrated lasers to augment the beneficial effects of both while minimizing potential complications of each. Laser-assisted liposuction is becoming more commonplace, and new investigations into the noninvasive selective destruction of fat with lasers have been undertaken. A better understanding of photobiology has generated renewed interest in the effects of low-level laser therapy on skin and wound healing. Lasers also are being used in novel ways for the purposes of in vivo diagnosis, producing some incredible imaging that may prove useful in the early diagnosis and evaluation of cutaneous disease. Finally, more recent work in the field of photochemical tissue bonding may be bringing us closer to sutureless and scarless surgery. Although not an exhaustive review, this article explores some recent advances in laser and light technologies for dermatologic applications and diagnosis.

Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008 Dec 27(4) 301-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19150302

[Effect of low-intensity laser radiation on the function of vascular endothelium in patients with chronic viral hepatitis]

The aim of the study was to measure plasma levels of stable metabolites of nitric oxide, nitrates, and nitrites (NOx) in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and evaluate the possibility of their correction by low-power laser irradiation. NO metabolites (total nitrites and nitrates) were measured colorimetrically from the development of colour in the reaction of nitrite with sulfanilamide diazotization in Griess reagent. Colour intensity was determined with Victor2 enzyme immunoanalyzer, Perkin Elmaer (Finland). The patients were divided into three groups. In group 1 (control, n = 30) they received combined medicamentous therapy, in group 2 (n = 45) medicamentous therapy and a course of intravenous laser therapy, in goup 3 (n = 45) medicamentous therapy and skin laserotherapy. The results indicate that medicamentous treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis does not bring any beneficial changes in plasma NOx whose levels are significantly improved in case of simultaneous laser therapy. It is concluded that different laserotherapeutic modalities have beneficial effect on NO-producing function of endothelium and thereby improve its functional state. Compensation of NO deficit by laser therapy ensures overall protection of the organism against free radicals and decreases severity of oxidative stress.

Klin Med (Mosk) 2009 87(1) 49-52

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19256261

Light therapy as a treatment for sexual dysfunctions.

Bossini L, Fagiolini A, Valdagno M, Roggi M, Tallis V, Trovarelli S, Ponchietti R, Castrogiovanni P

Psychother Psychosom 2009 78(2) 127-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19223689

Response to Letter to the Editor: Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Mast Cells in Second-Degree Burns in Rats.

Bayat M

School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of M.C., PO Box: 19395-4719, Evin, Tehran, Iran.

Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Jan 30

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19182975

[Effectiveness of laser puncture in elderly patients with bronchial asthma]

Nikitin AV, Esaulenko IE, Shatalova OL

Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2008 Nov-Dec (6) 38-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19175055

Buyers’ guide to dental lasers. Lasers entering into the mainstream of dentistry.

Freedman G

Dent Today 2008 Dec 27(12) 92, 94, 96 passim

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19149046

Posted in Research |

NPL grant for THOR

Posted on 9 March 2009 by James Carroll

Diode laser beams are hard to measure. They are almost never round, collimated or homogeneous. At best they can be described as being elliptical and having a Gaussian distribution. How do we measure and calculate the area of the ellipse and have the same method used throughout LLLT academia and industry?

Answer: ask The National Physics Laboratory (NPL) to review the problem and propose a solution.

NPL is a world renowned measurements and standards organisation. They play a significant role in the writing of global measurement standards e.g. how to define time (the second) and mass (the kilogram). Now they will be working with THOR to define LLLT beam standards and measurement methods for academia and industry.

Posted in Research |

Literature watch for July & August 2008

Posted on 16 September 2008 by James Carroll

This our biggest bimonthly Literature Watch ever. There is so much interesting clinical and lab work being published including LLLT treatment of Meniere’s Disease, muscle fatigue, stroke, bone healing, Oral Mucositis, TMJ, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, TB, burns and even Snake Venom.

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Mast Cells in Viability of the Transverse Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous Flap.

Pinfildi CE, Liebano RE, Hochman BS, Enokihara MM, Lippert R, Gobbato RC, Ferreira LM

Department of Plastic Surgery and Professor of IMES-FAFICA, Sao Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on viability of mast cells of the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Background Data: LLLT has been recently used on the TRAM flap to stimulate mast cells. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups of 12 rats in each: group 1 (sham laser therapy); group 2 received 3 J/cm(2) at one point; group 3 received 3 J/cm(2) at 24 points; group 4 received 72 J/cm(2) at 1 point; group 5 received 6 J/cm(2) at 1 point; group 6 received 6 J/cm(2) at 24 points; and group 7 received 144 J/cm(2) at 1 point. All experimental groups underwent LLLT immediately after TRAM surgery and on the next two following days, for three sessions in total. The percentage of the area of skin flap necrosis was calculated on the fourth postoperative day and two samples of skin were collected from each rat with a 1-cm(2) punch to perform mast cell evaluations with toluidine blue dye. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the percentage of necrosis, and higher values were seen in group 1 than in all other groups. Among groups 3-7 no statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.292). For mast cells, when group 1 was compared to groups 5 (6 J/cm(2) at 1 point) and 7 (144 J/cm(2) at 1 point), it had fewer mast cells. Conclusion: LLLT at a wavelength of 670 nm was effective at reducing the necrotic area, and we found that it can stimulate mast cells growth to increase vascular perfusion.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Sep 11

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18785847

Histologic study of the effect of laser therapy on bone repair.

Blaya DS, Guimaraes MB, Pozza DH, Weber JB, de Oliveira MG

AIM: This study used histologic analysis and HE staining to evaluate laser biomodulation of bone repair in cavities made in the femurs of rats that underwent non-ablative laser irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighteen male Wistar rats weighing 300 to 400 grams were randomly assigned to three groups of six animals each. A surgical defect site was produced with a trephine about 2 mm in diameter under abundant irrigation. In Group I the complete surgical protocol to produce a bone defect was followed but without laser radiation (control). In Group II a continuous wave 830 nm infrared laser was used at 10 J/cm2 and 50 mW at each point of the surgical site. In Group III a continuous wave 685 nm infrared laser at 10J/cm2 and 35 mW was used at each point of surgical site. The animals were irradiated at intervals of 48 hours beginning immediately after the preparation of the defect and were sacrificed on the 15th, 21st, and 30th days. Slides were studied by means of descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Greater degrees of new bone formation and vertical regeneration were found in the irradiated groups than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Laser therapy in this study protocol was efficient in promoting bone repair. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of laser technology has been used to improve the clinical results of bone surgeries and to promote a more comfortable postoperative period and quicker healing.

J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 9(6) 41-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18784858

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder.

da Cunha LA, Firoozmand LM, da Silva AP, Esteves SA, Oliveira W

Benjamim Manoel Amarante, Sao Jose dos campos, SP, Brazil. liaalves@hotmail.com

AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients presenting with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in a random and placebo-controlled research design. METHODS: The sample consisted of 40 patients, divided into an experimental group (G1) and a placebo group (G2). The treatment was done with an infrared laser (830nm, 500mW, 20s, 4J/point) at the painful points, once a week for four consecutive weeks. The patients were evaluated before and after the treatment through a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Craniomandibular Index (CMI). RESULTS: The baseline and posttherapy values of VAS and CMI were compared by the paired T-test, separately for the placebo and laser groups. A significant difference was observed between initial and final values (p < 0.05) in both groups. Baseline and post-therapy values of pain and CMI were compared in the therapy groups by the two-sample T-test, yet no significant differences were observed regarding VAS and CMI (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: After either placebo or laser therapy, pain and temporomandibular symptoms were significantly lower, although there was no significant difference between groups. The low-level laser therapy was not effective in the treatment of TMD, when compared to the placebo.

Int Dent J 2008 Aug 58(4) 213-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18783114

Evaluation of low-level laser therapy of osteoblastic cells.

Pires Oliveira DA, de Oliveira RF, Zangaro RA, Soares CP

Laboratorio de Dinamica de Compartimentos Celulares, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, UNIVAP, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of biomodulation on osteoblastic cells using a gallium-aluminium-arsenide diode laser. BACKGROUND DATA: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a non-pharmacological therapeutic resource to which biological tissues respond well, producing such effects as the acceleration of bone formation and bone repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Osteoblastic cell cultures (OFCOL II) were irradiated with a gallium-aluminium-arsenide diode laser (GaAlAs lambda = 830 nm; 50 mW; 3 J/cm(2); 600-microm-diameter optical fiber) and divided into two groups: group 1–irradiated cells, and group 2–non-irradiated cells. Irradiation occurred at 24-h intervals for a total of 3 d. After each interval, the cells were marked with Mito Tracker Orange dye to assess the biostimulatory effect on mitochondrial activity and cell proliferation using an MTT assay. RESULTS: Intense grouping of mitochondria in the perinuclear region was observed at 24 h and 48 h following irradiation. Changes from a filamentous to a granular appearance in mitochondrial morphology and mitochondria distributed throughout the cytoplasm were observed 72 h following proliferation. Such changes LED to an in vitro proliferation process, as confirmed by the MTT assay. CONCLUSION: LLLT has shown itself capable of altering mitochondrial activity and the population of OFCOL II cells.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 401-4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18754721

The effects of low level laser in clinical outcome and neurophysiological results of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Shooshtari SM, Badiee V, Taghizadeh SH, Nematollahi AH, Amanollahi AH, Grami MT

Shiraz University of medical science, Shiraz, Iran

OBJECTIVES: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common neuropathy that can be diagnosed with confidence by the nerve conduction study (NCS). One of the recent treatments of CTS is the application of low power laser (LPL) therapy. The present study evaluates the effects of LPL irradiation through NCS and clinical signs and symptoms. METHODS: A total of 80 patients were included in this study. Diagnosis of CTS was based on both clinical examination and electromyographic (EMG) findings. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Test group (group A) underwent laser therapy (9-11 joules/cm2) over the carpal tunnel area. Control group (group B) received sham laser therapy. Pain, hand grip strength, median proximal sensory and motor latencies, transcarpal median sensory nerve conduction (SNCV) were recorded. After fifteen sessions of irradiation (five times per week), parameters were recorded again and clinical symptoms were measured in both groups. Pain was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS; day-night). Hand grip was measured by Jamar dynometer. Paired t-test and independent sample t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in clinical symptoms and hand grip in group A (p < 0.001). Proximal median sensory latency, distal median motor latency and median sensory latencies were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Transcarpal median SNCV increased significantly after laser irradiation (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in group B except changes in clinical symptoms (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Laser therapy as a new conservative treatment is effective in treating CTS paresthesia and numbness and improves the subjects’ power of hand grip and electrophysiological parameters.

Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2008 Jun-Jul 48(5) 229-31

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18754533

[Low-energy semiconductor laser intranasal irradiation of the blood improves blood coagulation status in normal pregnancy at term.]

Gao X, Zhi PK, Wu XJ

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tung Wah Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguang 523110, China. E-mail: flyhighlucky@gmail.com.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of low-energy semiconductor laser intranasal irradiation of the blood on blood coagulation status in healthy pregnant women at term. METHODS: Low-energy semiconductor laser was introduced into the nasal cavity in 126 healthy pregnant women at term and 123 healthy young unmarried women as the control group. The plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen levels were examined using transmissive turbidimetry after the therapy. RESULTS: PT, APTT and TT levels were significantly lowered, whereas fibrinogen level significantly increased in the healthy pregnant women before the laser therapy as compared with those in the control group (P<0.01). After intranasal laser therapy, these parameters were significantly improved in the healthy pregnant women (P<0.05) although there were differences from those of the control group. CONCLUSION: Low-energy semiconductor laser intranasal irradiation of the blood can effectively improve high blood coagulation status in healthy pregnant women at term.

Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2008 Aug 28(8) 1400-1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18753070

Attenuation of TCDD-induced oxidative stress by 670 nm Photobiomodulation in developmental chicken kidney.

Lim J, Sanders RA, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Watkins JB 3rd, Eells JT, Henshel DS

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent developmental teratogen inducing oxidative stress and sublethal changes in multiple organs, provokes developmental renal injuries. In this study, we investigated TCDD-induced biochemical changes and the therapeutic efficacy of photobiomodulation (670 nm; 4 J/cm(2)) on oxidative stress in chicken kidneys during development. Eggs were injected once prior to incubation with TCDD (2 pg/g or 200 pg/g) or sunflower oil vehicle control. Half of the eggs in each dose group were then treated with red light once per day through embryonic day 20 (E20). Upon hatching at E21, the kidneys were collected and assayed for glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dimutase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities, as well as reduced glutathione and ATP levels, and lipid peroxidation. TCDD exposure alone suppressed the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, and depleted available ATP. The biochemical indicators of oxidative and energy stress in the kidney were reversed by daily phototherapy, restoring ATP and glutathione contents and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities to control levels. Photobiomodulation also normalized the level of lipid peroxidation increased by TCDD exposure. The results of this study suggest that 670 nm photobiomodulation may be useful as a noninvasive treatment for renal injury resulting from chemically induced cellular oxidative and energy stress.

J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008 Jul 22(4) 230-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18752309

A possible mechanism for visible light-induced wound healing.

Lipovsky A, Nitzan Y, Lubart R

The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic wounds resistant to conventional therapy have been treated successfully with low energy lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the visible and near IR region. It has been proposed that production of low level reactive oxygen species (ROS) following illumination is the first step of photobiomodulation. It was also shown that white light (400-800 nm) has similar stimulatory effects as lasers and LEDs. ROS at higher levels are toxic to cells and bacteria. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we examined the phototoxicity of broadband (400-800 nm, 120 J/cm(2)) visible light on the survival of several pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus 195, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1316, Escherichia coli 1313, and Serratia marcescens. These bacteria were chosen due to their high prevalence in infected wounds. The survival of bacterial cells following illumination was monitored by counting the number of colony forming units before and after exposure to light. RESULTS: Illumination with white light, 120 J/cm(2), caused a reduction of 62%, 83%, and 56% in the colony count of E. coli 1313, S. aureus 195 and S. marcescens, respectively, though no reduction in the viability of P. aeruginosa 1316 was demonstrated. The phototoxic effect was found to involve induction of ROS production by the bacteria. It was also found that illumination of S. aureus 195 and E. coli 1313 in the presence of pyocyanin, known to be secreted by P. aeruginosa, had a stronger bactericidal effect compared to illumination alone. CONCLUSION: Visible light at high intensity can kill bacteria in infected wounds. Thus, illumination of infected wounds with intense visible light, prior to low intensity illumination for stimulating wound closure, may reduce infection and promote healing.

Lasers Surg Med 2008 Sep 40(7) 509-14

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18727022

Anti-Inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy (660 nm) in the early phase in carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rat.

Boschi ES, Leite CE, Saciura VC, Caberlon E, Lunardelli A, Bitencourt S, Melo DA, Oliveira JR

Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Biofisica Celular e Inflamacao, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6681 predio 12C sala 263, CEP 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the classic model of pleurisy there is little evidence about the anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as well the dosage characteristics, such as wavelength, total energy, number and pattern of treatment. In this study we investigated the potential effects of LLLT on modulating the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators of acute inflammation in a rat pleurisy model. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 48 female Wistar rats were divided into control and experiential groups. An inflammation was induced by carrageenan (0.2 ml) injected into the pleural cavity. At 1, 2, and 3 hours after induction a continuous wave (20 mW) diode laser of the InGaAlP (660 nm) type was used in the four laser groups with different doses and treatment patterns. One group received a single dose of 2.1 J and the other three groups received a total energy of 0.9, 2.1, and 4.2 J. Four hours later the exudate volume, total and differential leukocytes, protein concentration, NO, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and MCP-1 were measured from the aspirated liquid. RESULTS: All the treatment patterns and quantity of energy studied show significant reduction of the exudate volume (P<0.05). Using energy of 0.9 J only NO, IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-10 are significantly reduced (P<0.05). On the other hand, higher energies (2.1 and 4.2 J) significantly reduce all variables independently of the treatment pattern. The neutrophil migration has a straight correlation with the TNF-alpha (r = 0.551) and NO (r = 0.549) concentration. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT-660 nm induced an anti-inflammatory effect characterized by inhibition of either total or differential leukocyte influx, exudation, total protein, NO, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, in a dose-dependent manner. Under these conditions, laser treatment with 2.1 J was more effective than 0.9 and 4.2 J.

Lasers Surg Med 2008 Sep 40(7) 500-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18727002

[Laser Doppler fluometry in assessment of endothelium state in patients with coronary heart disease and its correction by intravenous laser irradiation of blood]

Influence of laser therapy on vascular endothelium function in patients with stable angina pectoris, detected by the method of laser Doppler fluorimetry, was studied. 77patients with stable angina pectoris were divided into 2 groups. In control group only medicamentous therapy was used, in main group a course of intravenous blood laser irradiation was carried out additionally. The increase of initially decreased mean index of microcirculation and index of microcirculation after acetylcholine iontophoresis was noticed. Tendency to increase of endothelial oscillations and capillary blood flow under influence of intravenous blood laser irradiation was noticed too. Laser therapy can be considered an effective method of increase of endothelial functional activity in patients with stable angina pectoris.

Klin Med (Mosk) 2008 86(6) 44-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18720711

Effect of equal daily doses achieved by different power densities of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm on open skin wound healing in normal and corticosteroid-treated rats.

Gal P, Mokry M, Vidinsky B, Kilik R, Depta F, Harakalova M, Longauer F, Mozes S, Sabo J

Department of Medical Biophysics, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovak Republic, galovci@yahoo.com.

Optimal parameters of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for wound healing are still discussed. Hence, our study was aimed to compare effects of different power densities of LLLT at 635 nm in rats. Four, round, full-thickness, skin wounds were made on the backs of 48 rats that were divided into two groups (non-steroid laser-treated and steroid laser-treated). Three wounds were stimulated daily with a diode laser (daily dose 5 J/cm(2)) each with different power density (1 mW/cm(2), 5 mW/cm(2), and 15 mW/cm(2)), whereas the fourth wound served as a control. Two days, 6 days, and 14 days after surgery, eight animals from each group were killed and samples were removed for histological evaluation. In the non-steroid laser-treated rats, significant acceleration of epithelization and collagen synthesis 2 days and 6 days after surgery was observed in stimulated wounds. In steroid laser-treated rats, 2 days and 14 days after surgery, a decreased leucocyte/macrophage ratio and a reduction in the area of granulation tissue were recorded, respectively. In conclusion, LLLT, by the method we used, improved wound healing in the non-steroid laser-treated rats, but it was useless after corticosteroid treatment.

Lasers Med Sci 2008 Aug 21

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18716824

Pre-Irradiation of blood by gallium aluminum arsenide (830 nm) low-level laser enhances peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia in rats.

Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Hasegawa A, Noguchi T

Department of Brain and Nerve Science, Anesthesiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka-Hasamamachi-Yufu City-Oita 879-5593, Japan. saku@med.oita-u.ac.jp

BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to relieve pain, free of side effects. However, the mechanisms underlying LLLT are not well understood. Recent studies have also demonstrated that opioid-containing immune cells migrate to inflamed sites and release beta-endorphins to inhibit pain as a mode of peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia. We investigated whether pre-irradiation of blood by LLLT enhances peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia. METHODS: The effect of LLLT pretreatment of blood on peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia was evaluated in a rat model of inflammation. Additionally, the effect of LLLT on opioid production was also investigated in vitro in rat blood cells. The expression of the beta-endorphin precursors, proopiomelanocortin and corticotrophin releasing factor, were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: LLLT pretreatment produced an analgesic effect in inflamed peripheral tissue, which was transiently antagonized by naloxone. Correspondingly, beta-endorphin precursor mRNA expression increased with LLLT, both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that that LLLT pretreatment of blood induces analgesia in rats by enhancing peripheral endogenous opioid production, in addition to previously reported mechanisms.

Anesth Analg 2008 Sep 107(3) 1058-63

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18713929

Increased expression of heat shock protein 70 and heat shock factor 1 in chronic dermal ulcer tissues treated with laser-aided therapy.

Zhou JD, Luo CQ, Xie HQ, Nie XM, Zhao YZ, Wang SH, Xu Y, Pokharel PB, Xu D

Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China. zjianda@yahoo.com.cn)

BACKGROUND: Chronic dermal ulcers are also referred to as refractory ulcers. This study was conducted to elucidate the therapeutic effect of laser on chronic dermal ulcers and the induced expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in wound tissues. METHODS: Sixty patients with 84 chronic dermal ulcers were randomly divided into traditional therapy and laser therapy groups. Laser treatment was performed in addition to traditional therapy in the laser therapy group. The treatment efficacy was evaluated after three weeks. Five tissue sections of healing wounds were randomly collected along with five normal skin sections as controls. HSP70-positive cells from HSP70 immunohistochemical staining were counted and the gray scale of positive cells was measured for statistical analysis. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of HSF1 and HSP70. RESULTS: The cure rate of the wounds and the total efficacy in the laser therapy group were significantly higher than those in the traditional therapy group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the HSP70-positive cell count was significantly higher in laser therapy group than those in the traditional therapy group and controls (P < 0.01), and the gray scale of the cell signal was obviously lower than traditional therapy group and controls (P < 0.05). By contrast, the traditional therapy group and the control group were not significantly different. The RNA levels of HSF1 and HSP70 were higher in the laser therapy group by RT-PCR, but very low in normal skin and the traditional therapy group. The analysis on the gray scale of the Western blot bands indicated that the expression of HSF1 and HSP70 in the laser therapy group was significantly higher than in the traditional therapy group and the control group (P < 0.01), and the expression in the traditional therapy group was also higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Laser-aided therapy of chronic dermal ulcers plays a facilitating role in healing due to the mechanism of laser-activated endogenous heat shock protection in cells in wound surfaces.

Chin Med J (Engl) 2008 Jul 20 121(14) 1269-73

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18713545

[Primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in adolescents with tuberculosis: the specific features of its clinical course, the efficiency of treatment]

Ninety adolescents suffering from tuberculosis with primary drug resistance (PDR) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) were followed up. All the patients had active, marked processes, mainly infiltrative tuberculosis in the phase of decay and dissemination. MBT resistance to 3 drugs or more was detected in most patients (62.3%). Multidrug resistance was 32.2%. The course of the disease was chiefly favorable. An exacerbation of the process occurred during therapy in 6.6% of patients. In patients with PDR, abacillation occurred in 100% of cases and the decay cavities closed in 86.6% by the end of the course of therapy. The PDR patients received treatment with both first- and second-line drugs, had surgery, collapsotherapy, laser therapy, and physiotherapeutic treatments, and lidase. Treatment of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis presents severe difficulties. However, good results can be achieved in most patients, by applying an individual approach to each patient and determining the optimum chemotherapy regimens and pathogenetic treatments.

Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk 2008 (5) 17-20

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18711813

[Laser therapy in complex treatment for early tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes]

The high efficiency of etiopathogenetic treatment was established in patients with the proliferative form of isolated tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes, by using a combination of antituberculosis chemotherapy and low-energy laser radiation without surgical intervention. At the same time after 2.5-3-months, there was a persistent improvement, suggested by the elimination of clinical and laboratory signs of tuberculosis intoxication, disappearance of enlarged lymph nodes and a tendency of the body’s tuberculosis sensitivity to reduce, evidenced by Mantoux 2 TE PPD-L test. The paper shows it efficient to pursue medical treatment policy in early isolated tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes.

Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk 2008 (6) 15-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18710049

Visible Lasers Were Better Than Invisible Lasers in Accelerating Burn Healing on Diabetic Rats.

Al-Watban FA, Zhang XY, Andres BL, Al-Anize A

Laser Research Section, Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Abstract Objective: This study was designed to compare the efficacy of low-power visible with invisible lasers for accelerating burn healing on diabetic rats. Background Data: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in a number of diabetic animal and human studies, with some researchers finding positive and others finding no effects. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Streptozocin (70 mg/kg) was injected to induce diabetes. A burn was created using a metal rod heated to 600 degrees C applied to the shaved back of the animals. The study was performed using 532-, 633-, 670-, 810-, and 980-nm diode lasers. Doses of 5, 10, 20, and 30 J/cm(2) and a treatment schedule of three sessions per week were used in the experiments. The burned area on all rats was measured and plotted on a slope chart. The slope values (mm(2)/d) and the percentage of the healed burns were computed. Results: The percentage of healed burn areas on the rats after LLLT was 78.37% for the visible lasers and 50.68% for the invisible lasers. There were significant differences (p < 0.005) in the percentage of healed burn areas after laser therapy between the visible and the invisible lasers. Conclusion: Low-power laser therapy using visible and invisible lasers with the appropriate treatment parameters can accelerate burn healing on diabetic rats. The effects of visible lasers were more pronounced than those of invisible lasers in accelerating burn healing on diabetic rats.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18707242

Laser therapy in acute stroke treatment.

Yip S, Zivin J

Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA.

Recent development of near infrared light therapy (NILT) as an acute stroke treatment is promising. In various preclinical animal stroke models, NILT has been shown to be effective in improving long-term stroke outcome. More importantly, NILT has a long postischemic therapeutic window that has not been previously observed in other treatment modalities. The preliminary efficacy and safety of NILT in acute stroke patients were demonstrated in the recently published phase II NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial (NEST-1). If confirmed by the NEST-II trial, NILT will revolutionize acute stroke management as ut has a long time window (possible 24 hr) for therapy. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms of action of NILT will provide a new therapeutic target for future drug or device development.

Int J Stroke 2008 May 3(2) 88-91

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18706001

Severity of Oral Mucositis in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and an Oral Laser Phototherapy Protocol: A Survey of 30 Patients.

Eduardo FD, Bezinelli L, Luiz AC, Correa L, Vogel C, Eduardo CD

Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Abstract Background Data and Objective: Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the worst cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), and it causes severe morbidity. Laser phototherapy has been considered as an alternative therapy for prevention and treatment of OM. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and severity of OM in HCT patients subjected to laser phototherapy, and to discuss its effect on the oral mucosa. Patients and Methods: Information concerning patient age and gender, type of basic disease, conditioning regimen, type of transplant, absence or presence of pain related to the oral cavity, OM grade, and adverse reactions or unusual events were collected from 30 patients undergoing HCT (allogeneic or autologous). These patients were given oral laser phototherapy with a InGaAIP laser (660 nm and 40 mW) daily. The data were tabulated and their frequency expressed as percentages. Results: In the analysis of those with OM, it was observed that 33.4% exhibited grade I, 40% grade II, 23.3% grade III, and 3.3% grade IV disease. On the most critical post-HCT days (D+5 and D+8), it was observed that 63.3% of patients had grade I and 33.3% had grade II disease; no patients had grade III or IV disease in this period. This severity of OM was similar to that seen in other studies of laser phototherapy and OM. Conclusion: The low grades of OM observed in this survey show the beneficial effects of laser phototherapy, but randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm these findings.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 12

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18699729

Safety Profile of Transcranial Near-Infrared Laser Therapy Administered in Combination With Thrombolytic Therapy to Embolized Rabbits.

Lapchak PA, Han MK, Salgado KF, Streeter J, Zivin JA

From the Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; the Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, Stroke Research, San Diego, Calif; the Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif; and Photothera Inc, Carlsbad, Calif.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial near-infrared laser therapy (TLT) is currently under investigation in a pivotal clinical trial that excludes thrombolytic therapy. To determine if combining tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; Alteplase) and TLT is safe, this study assessed the safety profile of TLT administered alone and in combination with Alteplase. The purpose for this study is to determine if the combination of TLT and thrombolysis should be investigated further in a human clinical trial. METHODS: We determined whether postembolization treatment with TLT in the absence or presence of tPA would affect measures of hemorrhage or survival after large clot embolism-induced strokes in New Zealand white rabbits. RESULTS: TLT did not significantly alter hemorrhage incidence after embolization, but there was a trend for a modest reduction of hemorrhage volume (by 65%) in the TLT-treated group compared with controls. Intravenous administration of tPA, using an optimized dosing regimen, significantly increased hemorrhage incidence by 160%. The tPA-induced increase in hemorrhage incidence was not significantly affected by TLT, although there was a 30% decrease in hemorrhage incidence in combination-treated rabbits. There was no effect of TLT on hemorrhage volume measured in tPA-treated rabbits and no effect of any treatment on 24-hour survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: In the embolism model, TLT administration did not affect the tPA-induced increase in hemorrhage incidence. TLT may be administered safely either alone or in combination with tPA because neither treatment affected hemorrhage incidence or volume. Our results support the study of TLT in combination with Alteplase in patients with stroke.

Stroke 2008 Aug 7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18687999

The Effect of Visible and Infrared Polarized Light on the Healing Process of Full-Thickness Skin Wounds: An Experimental Study.

Iordanou P, Lykoudis EG, Athanasiou A, Koniaris E, Papaevangelou M, Fatsea T, Bellou P

Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.

Abstract Objective and Background Data: Polarized light has already been experimentally and clinically used in an effort to promote wound healing, but the findings have been equivocal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of visible and infrared polarized light of a specific range of wavelength (580-3400 nm) on the secondary healing of full-thickness skin wounds in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were used, divided in two groups of 20 animals each. A standardized open full-thickness skin wound was created on the back of each animal. In the first group the rats were exposed to polarized light (40 mW/cm(2) and 2.4 J/cm(2)) for 7 min on a daily basis (total daily dose = 16.8 J/cm(2)), while the second group acted as controls. Clinical and histological evaluation of wound healing were performed on days 5, 10, 15, and 20 post-wound. The size of the wounds was measured with the use of planimetry, whereas epithelialization, inflammatory response, neovascularization, and collagen formation were histologically assessed. Results: According to our findings, the group exposed to light therapy showed statistically significantly faster epithelialization seen on days 10 and 15 post-wound compared to controls, as well as better quality of the healing process (although not statistically significantly) at all time points. Conclusion: In conclusion, this specific fraction of polarized light seems to have beneficial effects on wound healing, leading to faster epithelialization and qualitatively better wound healing.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18687058

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Mast Cells in Second-Degree Burns in Rats.

Aras MH

Ataturk University Dentistry Faculty Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18687055

[Diagnosis and treatment of acute epididymoorchitis]

From 1963 we treated 330 patients aged from 15 to 85 years admitted to the urological clinic with acute epididymoorchitis of mild (n = 106), moderate (n = 82) and grave severity (n = 152). The diagnosis of purulent forms of epididymitis and epididymoorchitis was made basing on clinical and ultrasonic studies. Aspiration thin-needle puncture of epididymic membrane under ultrasonic control with calculation of leucocyte count was made for detection of purulent-process in 17 patients with epididymitis at the stage of diffuse inflammation. 198 patients with mild and moderate forms of acute epididymoorchitis received complex conservative treatment including laser therapy. 132 patients with severe epididymoorchitis were operated. In epididymoorchitis with total inflammatory-purulent process we made epididymectomy, in local – resection. The testis was removed in total necrosis or purulent lesion of its tissues. For comparison we analysed case histories of 150 patients with epididymoorchitis treated before 1983. Comparison of the treatment results in patients with acute inflammatory diseases of scrotal organs favours early surgical treatment.

Urologiia 2008 May-Jun (3) 49-52

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18669349

Effect of 670-nm laser therapy and dexamethasone on tissue repair: a histological and ultrastructural study.

Reis SR, Medrado AP, Marchionni AM, Figueira C, Fracassi LD, Knop LA

Department of Propaedeutics and Integrated Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated the role of extracellular matrix elements and cells during the wound healing phases following the use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and anti-inflammatory drugs. BACKGROUND DATA: There are few scientific studies that characterize the possible interactions of LLLT and anti-inflammatory medications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two rats submitted to a wound inflicted with a 6-mm-diameter punch. The animals were divided into four groups: sham treated, those treated with the GaAlAs laser (4 J/cm(2), 9 mW, lambda = 670 nm, spot size 28.27 x 10(2) cm(2)), those treated with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg), and those treated with both LLLT and dexamethasone. After 3 and 5 d, the cutaneous wounds were assessed by histopathology using polarized light and ultrastructural assessment using transmission electron microscopy. Changes seen in polymorphonuclear inflammatory cells, edema, mononuclear cells, and collagen fiber deposition were semi-quantitatively evaluated. RESULTS: The laser-treated group demonstrated increased collagen content and better arrangement of the extracellular matrix (p < 0.05). Fibroblasts in these tissues were increased in number and were more synthetically active. In the dexamethasone group, the collagen was shown to be non-homogenous and disorganized, with a scarcity of fibroblasts. In the group treated with both types of therapy, fibroblasts were more common and they exhibited vigorous rough endoplasmic reticulum, but they had less collagen production compared to those seen in the laser group. CONCLUSION: LLLT alone accelerates post-surgical tissue repair and reduces edema and the polymorphonuclear infiltrate even in the presence of dexamethasone.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 307-13

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18665765

Low-intensity light therapy: exploring the role of redox mechanisms.

Tafur J, Mills PJ

Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0804, USA. jtafur@ucsd.edu

Low-intensity light therapy (LILT) appears to be working through newly recognized photoacceptor systems. The mitochondrial electron transport chain has been shown to be photosensitive to red and near-infrared (NIR) light. Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly elucidated, mitochondrial photostimulation has been shown to increase ATP production and cause transient increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS). In some cells, this process appears to participate in reduction/oxidation (redox) signaling. Redox mechanisms are known to be involved in cellular homeostasis and proliferative control. In plants, photostimulation of the analogous photosynthetic electron transport chain leads to redox signaling known to be integral to cellular function. In gene therapy research, ultraviolet lasers are being used to photostimulate cells through a process that also appears to involve redox signaling. It seems that visible and near visible low-intensity light can be used to modulate cellular physiology in some nonphotosynthetic cells, acting through existing redox mechanisms of cellular physiology. In this manner, LILT may act to promote proliferation and/or cellular homeostasis. Understanding the role of redox state and signaling in LILT may be useful in guiding future therapies, particularly in conditions associated with pro-oxidant conditions.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 323-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18665762

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in Meniere’s disease: a pilot study of 10 patients.

Teggi R, Bellini C, Fabiano B, Bussi M

Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, IRRCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy. teggi.roberto@hsr.it

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for Meniere’s disease (MD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with unilateral MD were included in the study; all presented with uncontrolled vertigo. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 patients received LLLT 20 min a day with a 5-mW soft laser for 6 mo, while group 2 received betahistine 16 mg twice a day for 6 mo. According to American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guidelines, the main outcome for vertigo control was considered to be the number of spells per month in the 6 mo before treatment compared with the same parameter in the 6 mo of therapy. The duration of spells expressed in minutes was also considered. Moreover, a hearing test was performed before and after therapy and results were reported as the pure tone average of 500-, 1000-, 2000-, and 3000-Hz frequencies. All results were valued at baseline, and after 3 and 6 mo of therapy. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, the number and duration of spells were significantly reduced in both groups; statistical significance was detected for the 3-mo control in both groups (p 0.05 with the multiple pair comparison test). Betahistine seems to have a faster action in spell reduction (p 0.05 comparing the 3-mo results between the two groups). Audiometric examination did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, LLLT seems to prevent vertigo spells in MD, although results indicate that it has a slower action than betahistine. Dose-dependent therapeutic effects could explain the last result. In our opinion, increased blood flow in the inner ear is the main mechanism leading to the therapeutic results.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 349-53

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18665761

Phototherapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Sami NA, Attia AT, Badawi AM

Dermatology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Egypt. nevien_a_sami@hotmail.com

BACKGROUND: Achieving an effective management of acne vulgaris with minimal complications remains a difficult challenge for physicians. Moreover, the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains reduce the future usefulness of current mainstay therapies, and accordingly, the need for alternative therapies is mandatory. Phototherapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for acne, and there has been a renewed interest in photodynamic therapy as a treatment modality for this condition. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of pulsed dye laser (PDL), intense pulsed light (IPL) and light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy for the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris. METHODS: Forty-five patients with moderate to severe acne were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Group 1 was treated with a PDL, group 2 was treated with IPL, and group 3 was treated with a blue-red combination LED. Treatment was continued until a > or = 90% clearance of patient lesions was achieved. Clinical assessments were conducted before starting treatment, at 1 month as a midpoint evaluation, and after the final treatment session. RESULTS: Patients treated with the PDL reached a > or = 90% clearance of their inflammatory lesions after a mean of 4.1 +/- 1.39 sessions, while patients treated with IPL required a mean of 6 +/- 2.05 sessions. Patients treated with the LED required a mean of 10 +/- 3.34 sessions. At the mid-point evaluation, the percent reduction in acne lesions treated with the PDL was 90% or more, in cases of IPL and the LED, the percent reductions were 41.7% and 35.3%, respectively. Laser and light phototherapy sessions were well tolerated with minimal adverse events experienced as being mild and usually self-limiting. CONCLUSIONS: The encouraging results of the present study contributes evidence of phototherapy as useful therapeutic option for treatment of moderate to severe acne, and validates further studies to evaluate treatments with a larger number of patients and for a longer period of follow-up.

J Drugs Dermatol 2008 Jul 7(7) 627-32

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18664153

Stem cell proliferation under low intensity laser irradiation: a preliminary study.

Eduardo Fde P, Bueno DF, de Freitas PM, Marques MM, Passos-Bueno MR, Eduardo Cde P, Zatz M

Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sao Paulo 05651-901, SP, Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Phototherapy with low intensity laser irradiation has shown to be effective in promoting the proliferation of different cells. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the potential effect of laser phototherapy (660 nm) on human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) proliferation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The hDPSC cell strain was used. Cells cultured under nutritional deficit (10% FBS) were either irradiated or not (control) using two different power settings (20 mW/6 seconds to 40 mW/3 seconds), with an InGaAIP diode laser. The cell growth was indirectly assessed by measuring the cell mitochondrial activity through the MTT reduction-based cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS: The group irradiated with the 20 mW setting presented significantly higher MTT activity at 72 hours than the other two groups (negative control–10% FBS–and lased 40 mW with 3 seconds exposure time). After 24 hours of the first irradiation, cultures grown under nutritional deficit (10% FBS) and irradiated presented significantly higher viable cells than the non-irradiated cultures grown under the same nutritional conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study it was possible to conclude that the cell strain hDPSC responds positively to laser phototherapy by improving the cell growth when cultured under nutritional deficit conditions. Thus, the association of laser phototherapy and hDPSC cells could be of importance for future tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Moreover, it opens the possibility of using laser phototherapy for improving the cell growth of other types of stem cells.

Lasers Surg Med 2008 Aug 40(6) 433-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18649378

Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans.

Leal Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Vanin AA, Baroni BM, Grosselli D, De Marchi T, Iversen VV, Bjordal JM

Laboratory of Human Movement (LMH), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getulio Vargas, 1130, Caxias do Sul, 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, ecplealj@ucs.br.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on skeletal muscle fatigue. Ten healthy male professional volleyball players entered a crossover randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW output, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 200 s total irradiation time) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to four points on the biceps humeri muscle immediately before exercises. All subjects performed voluntary biceps humeri contractions with a load of 75% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force until exhaustion. After active LLLT the mean number of repetitions was significantly higher than after placebo irradiation [mean difference 4.5, standard deviation (SD) +/- 6.0, P = 0.042], the blood lactate levels increased after exercises, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. We concluded that 830 nm LLLT can delay the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue in high-intensity exercises, in spite of increased blood lactate levels.

Lasers Med Sci 2008 Jul 23

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18649044

Effect of low-power gallium-aluminum-arsenium laser therapy (830 nm) in combination with bisphosphonate treatment on osteopenic bone structure: an experimental animal study.

Diniz JS, Nicolau RA, de Melo Ocarino N, do Carmo Magalhaes F, de Oliveira Pereira RD, Serakides R

Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraiba, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.

Laser therapy is able to modulate cell metabolism and accelerate the repair of fracture. Little attention has been given to the effect of laser on bone with osteopenia or osteoporosis. The purpose of our study was to verify the effect of laser therapy in combination with bisphosphonate on osteopenic bone structure. The 35 Wistar female rats used were divided into five groups: (1) sham-operation rats (control), (2) ovariectomized (OVX’d) rats with osteopenia, (3) OVX’d rats with osteopenia treated with laser, (4) OVX’d rats with osteopenia treated with bisphosphonate and (5) OVX’d rats with osteopenia treated with bisphosphonate and laser. Groups 3 and 5 were given daily 6 mg doses of bisphosphonate orally. Groups 4 and 5 underwent low level laser therapy [gallium-aluminum-arsenium (GaAlAs) laser, 830 nm, 50 mW and 4 J/cm(2)] on the femoral neck and vertebral segments (T13-L2). Both treatments were performed over an 8-week period. Rats from the osteopenic control and osteopenic + laser groups presented marked osteopenia. In the osteopenic + bisphosphonate group, the trabecular bone volume in vertebra L2 was significantly greater than in the osteopenic control group. Notably, in the association between laser and bisphosphonate, the trabecular bone volume was significantly greater in vertebrae L2 and T13 and was similar to that in the sham-operation control group. It was concluded that the laser therapy associated with bisphosphonate treatment was the best method for reversing vertebral osteopenia caused by the ovariectomy.

Lasers Med Sci 2008 Jul 22

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18648870

Does the use of laser photobiomodulation, bone morphogenetic proteins, and guided bone regeneration improve the outcome of autologous bone grafts? An in vivo study in a rodent model.

Torres CS, dos Santos JN, Monteiro JS, Amorim PG, Pinheiro AL

Centro Baiano de Estudos Odontologicos, Especializacao em Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofaciais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present investigation was to histologically assess the effect of laser photobiomodulation (LBPM) on the repair of autologous bone grafts in a rodent model. BACKGROUND DATA: A major problem in modern dentistry is the recovery of bone defects caused by trauma, surgical procedures, or pathologies. Several types of biomaterials have been used to improve the repair of these defects. These materials are often associated with procedures of guided bone regeneration (GBR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty four animals were divided into four groups: group I (control); group II (LPBM of the bone graft); group III (bone morphogenetic proteins [BMPs] + bone graft); and group IV (LPBM of the bed and the bone graft + BMPs). When appropriate the bed was filled with lyophilized bovine bone and BMPs used with or without GBR. The animals in the irradiated groups received 10 J/cm(2) per session divided over four points around the defect (4 J/cm(2)), with the first irradiation immediately after surgery, and then repeated seven times every other day. The animals were humanely killed after 40 d. Results: The results showed that in all treatment groups, new bone formation was greater and qualitatively better than the untreated subjects. Control specimens showed a less advanced repair after 40 d, and this was characterized by the presence of medullary tissue, a small amount of bone trabeculi, and some cortical repair. CONCLUSION: We conclude that LPBM has a positive biomodulatory effect on the healing of bone defects, and that this effect was more evident when LPBM was performed on the surgical bed intraoperatively, prior to the placement of the autologous bone graft.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 371-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18647094

Laser-needle therapy for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee.

Banzer W, Hubscher M, Schikora D

Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, University of Paderborn, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. banzer@sport.uni-frankfurt.de

OBJECTIVE: This case report describes the treatment of a 63-year-old patient with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK). BACKGROUND DATA: SONK usually appears in the elderly patient without the typical risk factors for osteonecrosis. It is characterized by acute and sudden pain, mostly occurring at the medial side of the knee joint. Symptoms usually worsen with physical activity and improve with rest. Besides physical therapy, limited weight-bearing and the use of analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, we propose low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a conservative treatment option. METHODS: LLLT was carried out using laser needles emitting radiation with wavelengths of 685 and 885 nm, and a power density of 17.8 W/cm(2). Therapy sessions lasted 60 min and were performed daily over a period of 3 mo. The total irradiation dose emitted by 8 laser needles in 60 min of treatment was 1008 J. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging revealed distinct restitution of the spongiosa edema 5 wk after treatment onset, and the final check-up at 35 wk demonstrated complete restoration of integrity. CONCLUSION: The present case report provides the first indication that laser-needle therapy may be a promising tool for complementary and alternative therapeutic intervention for those with SONK.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 301-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18647089

The use of light photobiomodulation on the treatment of second-degree burns: a histological study of a rodent model.

Oliveira PC, Meireles GC, dos Santos NR, de Carvalho CM, de Souza AP, dos Santos JN, Pinheiro AL

Laser Center, School of Dentistry, Department of Propedeutica and Clinica Integrada, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to compare, by light microscopy, the effects of the use of laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) and polarized light (PL) on second-degree burns on rodents. BACKGROUND DATA: Burns are severe injuries that result in the loss of tissue fluids, destruction of tissues, infection, and shock. With severe and widespread third-degree burns death may occur. Several light sources have been suggested as being effective for improving wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty five rats were used in this study. A second-degree burn was created on the dorsum of each animal, and the animals were divided into four groups: PL (400-2000 nm, 40 mW, 2.4 J/cm(2)/min); LPBM-1 (780 nm, 35/40 mW, theta approximately 2 mm, 4 x 5 J/cm(2)); LPBM-2 (660 nm, 35/40 mW, theta approximately 2 mm, 4 x 5 J/cm(2)); and untreated animals acted as controls. The treatment was started immediately post-burn at four points around the burned area (laser: 5 J/cm(2) per site). The illumination with PL was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Treatments were repeated at 24-h intervals for 7 d. The animals were sacrifice at 3, 5, and 7 d post-burn. The specimens were routinely cut and stained and analyzed by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red. RESULTS: The analysis of the results demonstrated that the damaged tissue was able to efficiently absorb and process the light at all tested wavelengths. LPBM at 660 nm showed better results at early stages of wound healing. However, the use of 780-nm laser light had beneficial effects throughout the experimental period, with the animals growing newly-formed tissue similar to normal dermis. CONCLUSION: Despite our findings that the use of both types of light energy improved the healing of second-degree burns at the early stages, long-term assessment is needed to verify if this improvement will influence the final results of treatment.

Photomed Laser Surg 2008 Aug 26(4) 289-99

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18647088

The Ability of Low Level Laser Therapy to Prevent Muscle Tissue Damage Induced by Snake Venom.

Doin-Silva R, Baranauskas V, Rodrigues-Simioni L, da Cruz-Hofling MA

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.

Antivenom therapy has been ineffective in neutralizing the severe local fast developing tissue damage following snakebite envenoming. Herein, some effects of in situ helium neon (HeNe) laser irradiation on rat nerve-muscle preparation injected with Bothrops jararacussu venom are described. The tibialis anterior muscle was injected with venom diluted in 0.9% saline solution (60 mug/0.02 mL) or saline solution alone. Sixty minutes after venom injection, laser (HeNe) treatment was administered at three incident energy densities: dose 1, a single exposure of 3.5 J cm(-2); dose 2, three exposures of 3.5 J cm(-2); dose 3, a single exposure of 10.5 J cm(-2). Muscle function was assessed through twitch tension recordings whereas muscle damage was evaluated through histopathologic analysis, morphometry of area of tissue affected and creatine kinase (CK) serum levels, and compared to unirradiated muscles. Laser application at the dose of 3.5 J cm(-2) reduced the area of injury by 64% (15.9 +/- 1.5%vs 44.2 +/- 5.7%), decreased the neuromuscular blockade (NMB) by 62% (11.5 +/- 2.5%vs 30.4 +/- 5.2%) and reduced CK levels by 58% (from 455 +/- 4.5% to 190.3 +/- 23.4%) when compared with unirradiated controls. Dose 2 showed a poorer benefit than dose 1, and dose 3 was ineffective in preventing the venom effects. Measurements of the absorbance of unirradiated and irradiated venom solution showed no difference in absorption spectra. In addition, no difference in the intensity of partial NMB in nerve-muscle preparation was shown by unirradiated and irradiated venom. The results indicate that the laser light did not alter venom toxicity. We conclude that HeNe laser irradiation at a dosage of 3.5 J cm(-2) effectively reduces myonecrosis and the neuromuscular transmission blocking effect caused by B. jararacussu snake venom. Thus, low level laser therapy may be a promising tool to minimize the severity of some of the local effects of snake envenoming.

Photochem Photobiol 2008 Jul 17

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18643907

Electrophysiologic Effects of a Therapeutic Laser on Myofascial Trigger Spots of Rabbit Skeletal Muscles.

Chen KH, Hong CZ, Kuo FC, Hsu HC, Hsieh YL

From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan (K-HC, H-CH); College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (K-HC, H-CH); and Department of Physical Therapy, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan (C-ZH, F-CK); and the Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (Y-LH).

Chen K-H, Hong C-Z, Kuo F-C, Hsu H-C, Hsieh Y-L: Electrophysiologic effects of a therapeutic laser on myofascial trigger spots of rabbit skeletal muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:000-000. OBJECTIVE:: To better understand the mechanisms of therapeutic lasers for treating human myofascial trigger points, we designed a blinded controlled study of the effects of a therapeutic laser on the prevalence of endplate noise (EPN) recorded from the myofascial trigger spot (MTrS) of rabbit skeletal muscle. DESIGN:: In eight rabbits, one MTrS in each biceps femoris muscle was irradiated with a 660-nm, continuous-wave, gallium-aluminum-arsenate (GaAlAs) laser, at 9 J/cm. The contralateral side of muscle was treated with a sham laser. Each rabbit received six treatments. The immediate and cumulative effects were assessed by the prevalence of EPN with electromyographic (EMG) recordings after the first and last treatments. RESULTS:: Compared with pretreatment values, the percentages of EPN prevalence in the experimental side after the first and last treatments were significantly reduced (P < 0.01 for both). The change in EPN prevalence in the experimental side was significantly greater than in the control side immediately after the first and last treatments (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were noted between the first and last treatments (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: In our study, immediate and cumulative effects of a GaAlAs laser applied on MTrS were demonstrated on the basis of the assessment of EPN prevalence. It seems that laser irradiation may inhibit the irritability of an MTrS in rabbit skeletal muscle. This effect may be a possible mechanism for myofascial pain relief with laser therapy.

Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008 Jul 9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18617861

Multimodal therapy for chronic tinnitus.

Hahn A, Radkova L, Achiemere G, Klement V, Alpini D, Strouhal J

Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Third Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. hahn@fnkv.cz

From 2001 to 2006, we performed a retrospective study of patients suffering from chronic unilateral or bilateral tinnitus that was previously ineffectively treated by oral drugs [betahistine (Betaserc), extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761), tanakan (Tebokan), and cinnarizine-dimenhydrinate (Arlevert), singly or in combination]. We divided 150 tinnitus patients (80 men, 70 women) into seven treatment groups. Treatments consisted of application of intravenous pentoxifylline, lidocaine, or vinpocetine (Cavinton) and combination of these agents with physiotherapy and soft laser. Mean duration (+/- standard deviation) of tinnitus in these patients was 7.4 +/- 6.0 years; their mean age was 55.6 +/- 12.5 years. The aim of our study was to compare treatment modalities and define their effectiveness for tinnitus relief. The most effective treatment was defined as a combination of Cavinton and physiotherapy. We evaluated pure lidocaine infusion therapy as ineffective. None of the treatment modalities had an objective correlate of improvement, though improvement was reported by a visual analog scale.

Int Tinnitus J 2008 14(1) 69-72

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18616089

Posted in Research |

LLLT using Light Emitting Diodes research list

Posted on 20 July 2008 by James Carroll

Yet another NASA NIR LED therapy paper was published recently showing that LED treatment may be therapeutic to damaged neurons, this time in a Parkinson’s disease model. I thought some of you may not appreciate quite how much research has been conducted with LED’s so here is a list of 43 that I found on PubMed.

Near-infrared light via light-emitting diode treatment is therapeutic against rotenone- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity.

Liang HL, Whelan HT, Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT

Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Parkinson’s disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Thus, therapeutic approaches that improve mitochondrial function may prove to be beneficial. Previously, we have documented that near-infrared light via light-emitting diode (LED) treatment was therapeutic to neurons functionally inactivated by tetrodotoxin, potassium cyanide (KCN), or methanol intoxication, and LED pretreatment rescued neurons from KCN-induced apoptotic cell death. The current study tested our hypothesis that LED treatment can protect neurons from both rotenone- and MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity. Primary cultures of postnatal rat striatal and cortical neurons served as models, and the optimal frequency of LED treatment per day was also determined. Results indicated that LED treatments twice a day significantly increased cellular adenosine triphosphate content, decreased the number of neurons undergoing cell death, and significantly reduced the expressions of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in rotenone- or MPP(+)-exposed neurons as compared with untreated ones. These results strongly suggest that LED treatment may be therapeutic to neurons damaged by neurotoxins linked to Parkinson’s disease by energizing the cells and increasing their viability.

Neuroscience 2008 Jun 2 153(4) 963-74

http://www.ncbi.nlm.NIH.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18440709

Emotional responses and memory performance of middle-aged CD1 mice in a 3D maze: effects of low infrared light.

Michalikova S, Ennaceur A, van Rensburg R, Chazot PL

University of Sunderland, Sunderland Pharmacy School, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.

Non-thermal near infra-red (IR) has been shown to have many beneficial photobiological effects on a range of cell types, including neurons. In the present study, a pretreatment with a daily 6 min exposure to IR1072 for 10 days yielded a number of significant behavioral effects on middle-aged female CD-1 mice (12-months) tested in a 3D-maze. Middle-aged mice show significant deficits in a working memory test and IR treatment reversed this deficit. Interestingly, the IR treated middle-aged group despite making less memory errors than sham middle-aged group spent longer time in different parts of the maze than both the young group (3-months) and sham-middle-aged group (12-months). Young mice appeared more anxious than middle-aged mice in the first sessions of the test. Exposure to IR appeared to have no significant effects upon exploratory activity or anxiety responses. However, it elicited significant effects on working memory, with the IR middle-aged mice being more considerate in their decision making, which results in an overall improved cognitive performance which is comparable to that of young CD-1 mice. The present study describes a novel method for assessing emotional responses and memory performance in a 3D spatial navigation task and demonstrates the validity of our new all-in-one test and its sensitivity to ageing and non-invasive beneficial IR treatment.

Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008 May 89(4) 480-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17855128

Use of light-emitting diode photomodulation to reduce erythema and discomfort after intense pulsed light treatment of photodamage.

Khoury JG, Goldman MP

La Jolla SpaMD, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the use of light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation therapy to accelerate resolution of post-intense pulsed light (IPL) erythema. METHODS: In this split-face study, 15 subjects were randomized to receive LED treatment to one side of the face as determined by computer-generated randomization numbers. All 15 subjects received a single IPL treatment for facial photodamage. Immediately after IPL treatment, one side of the face was treated for 35 s with the LED device. The other side was not treated. Subjects returned 24 h later for a second LED treatment on the same side of the face. Posttreatment erythema was rated on both sides of the face by the blinded investigator and by subjects immediately after IPL treatment, 24 h later, and 1 week later on a scale of 0% (no erythema) to 100% (severe erythema). Patients commented on posttreatment discomfort immediately after IPL treatment. RESULTS: Mean erythema scores on the first visit were significantly higher (P = 0.0054) on the side not treated with LED (52.7 +/- 24.6) than on the LED-treated side (43.3 +/- 21.9). Visit 2 data showed a similar trend (P = 0.0281). The subjects reported similar findings with mean erythema scores on the first visit on the LED-treated side (46.7 +/- 25.3) compared with the untreated side (60.0 +/- 23.3); the difference was significant (P = 0.0382). On the second visit, the mean erythema scores trended lower on the LED-treated side (24.3 +/- 22.1) than on the untreated side (27.9 +/- 25.8), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1365). Erythema scores on both facial sides were 0 for all subjects 1 week after IPL treatment. Four patients commented that posttreatment discomfort was considerably less on the LED-treated side immediately after treatment. CONCLUSION: LED photomodulation treatment may accelerate the resolution of erythema and reduce posttreatment discomfort in IPL-treated patients with photodamage.

J Cosmet Dermatol 2008 Mar 7(1) 30-4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18254808

Light therapy and advanced wound care for a neuropathic plantar ulcer on a Charcot foot.

Sutterfield R

Christian Hospital NE, St. Louis, Missouri 63136, USA. retta@fidnet.com

Light therapy is a relatively novel modality in wound care. I used a light-emitting diode (LED) and superluminous diode (SLD) to deliver low-intensity laser light as an adjunctive treatment to a patient with a chronic diabetic foot ulcer. Standard treatment of conservative sharp debridement, off-loading, bioburden management, and advanced dressings was delivered in a WOC clinic setting. This combination of therapies resulted in closure of the neuropathic plantar ulcer within 8 weeks.

J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2008 Jan-Feb 35(1) 113-5; discussion 116-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18199948

Low-level light stimulates excisional wound healing in mice.

Demidova-Rice TN, Salomatina EV, Yaroslavsky AN, Herman IM, Hamblin MR

Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

BACKGROUND: Low levels of laser or non-coherent light, termed low-level light therapy (LLLT) have been reported to accelerate some phases of wound healing, but its clinical use remains controversial. METHODS: A full thickness dorsal excisional wound in mice was treated with a single exposure to light of various wavelengths and fluences 30 minutes after wounding. Wound areas were measured until complete healing and immunofluorescence staining of tissue samples was carried out. RESULTS: Wound healing was significantly stimulated in BALB/c and SKH1 hairless mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. Illuminated wounds started to contract while control wounds initially expanded for the first 24 hours. We found a biphasic dose-response curve for fluence of 635-nm light with a maximum positive effect at 2 J/cm(2). Eight hundred twenty nanometer was found to be the best wavelength tested compared to 635, 670, and 720 nm. We found no difference between non-coherent 635+/-15-nm light from a lamp and coherent 633-nm light from a He/Ne laser. LLLT increased the number of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive cells at the wound edge. CONCLUSION: LLLT stimulates wound contraction in susceptible mouse strains but the mechanism remains uncertain.

Lasers Surg Med 2007 Oct 39(9) 706-15

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17960752

Histologic comparison of light emitting diode phototherapy-treated hydroxyapatite-grafted extraction sockets: a same-mouth case study.

Brawn PR, Kwong-Hing A

343 Railway Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. brawn_peter@yahoo.ca

BACKGROUND: The stimulating effect of red and near-infrared (NIR) laser phototherapy on bone regeneration and growth has been shown in a number of in vitro and animal studies. However, the effect of NIR phototherapy on the bone regeneration of hydroxyapatite (HA) -treated extraction sockets has not been previously demonstrated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An investigational Biolux extraoral light emitting diode phototherapy device was used daily for 21 days postextraction and socket grafting with HA (Osteograf LD300) unilaterally. Bone regeneration of the phototherapy-treated and nontreated side was compared in same-mouth extraction sockets. RESULTS: Histologic evaluations showed enhanced bone formation and faster particle resorption associated with the phototherapy-treated socket graft compared with the non-phototherapy-treated socket. CONCLUSIONS: The accelerated bone healing in the phototherapy-treated HA socket graft may provide faster implant placement compared to non-phototherapy-treated socket grafts.

Implant Dent 2007 Jun 16(2) 204-11

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17563511

In vitro observations on the influence of copper peptide aids for the LED photoirradiation of fibroblast collagen synthesis.

Huang PJ, Huang YC, Su MF, Yang TY, Huang JR, Jiang CP

Biomedical Electronics Technology Division, Medical Electronics and Device Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of Cu-GHK aids for the LED-PI on fibroblast proliferation and collagen production in vitro. BACKGROUND DATA: Light-emitting diode photoirradiation (LED-PI) and copper-glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine complex (Cu-GHK) treatment may be useful in accelerating the rate of wound healing. Red LED (625-635 nm) was used as a light source for LED-PI. In the process of wound healing, Cu-GHK was shown to be an activator of remodeling. LED-PI would maintain fibroblast activity and viability, and there would be a positive effect on type I collagen (COL1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) production from the combination of LED-PI and Cu-GHK incorporation. METHODS: Cell activity/viability, procollagen type I C-peptide (P1CP), and bFGF were evaluated in vitro with human fibroblasts (HS68). The effects of single factors (LED-PI using 0, 1, and 2 J energy doses) or a combination of factors (LED-PI and Cu-GHK) on fibroblast viability (i.e., alamarBlue reduction), collagen production (i.e., P1CP production and COL1 mRNA expression), and bFGF secretion were also evaluated. RESULTS: Reduction in cell viability was significantly suppressed with LED-PI (1 J) and Cu-GHK-supplied incubation. Cell viability was increased 12.5-fold compared with the non-irradiated group (0 J). Collagen production was also increased significantly with LED-PI and Cu-GHK incorporation (197.6 ng/mL). A dose-response effect was observed for LED-PI combined with Cu-GHK. The combinative effects of LED-PI and Cu-GHK led to an increase not only in bFGF secretion (approximately 230%) but also in P1CP production (approximately 30%) and COL1 mRNA expression (approximately 70%) compared with LED-PI alone. CONCLUSION: LED-PI maintained human fibroblast (HS68) viability and increased collagen synthesis when applied by itself. In the combinative stimulation for in vitro collagen production (when LED-PI was followed by Cu-GHK-supplied incubation), stimulated cells showed increased bFGF secretion, P1CP production, and COL1 expression, compared to the LED-PI treatment alone.

Photomed Laser Surg 2007 Jun 25(3) 183-90

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17603859

The anti-inflammatory mechanism of 635 nm light-emitting-diode irradiation compared with existing COX inhibitors.

Lim W, Lee S, Kim I, Chung M, Kim M, Lim H, Park J, Kim O, Choi H

Department of Oral Pathology, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21 for School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Bug-Gu, Gwangju, Korea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) protects cells against cell injury in specific pathophysiological situations: inflammation and oxidative stress. Although the anti-inflammatory effects have been reported in clinical fields for specific wavelength irradiation during wound healing, the physiological mechanism has not been clarified yet. The aim of the present study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of 635 nm light-emitting-diode (LED) irradiation compared with existing COX inhibitors. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study investigated anti-inflammatory effects of 635 nm irradiation on PGE(2) release, COX and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) dissociation in arachidonic acid (AA)-treated human gingival fibroblast (hGF). These results were compared with their existing COX inhibitors: indomethacin and ibuprofen. The PGE(2) release was measured by enzyme immunoassay, the COX expression was measured by western blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and ROS level was measured by flow cytometry, laser scanning confocal microscope and RT-PCR. RESULTS: Results showed that 635 nm irradiation and existing COX inhibitors inhibit expression of COX and PGE(2) release. Unlike indomethacin and ibuprofen, 635 nm irradiation leads to a decrease of ROS levels and mRNA expression of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and secretary phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). CONCLUSION: Taken together, 635 nm irradiation, unlike indomethacin and ibuprofen, can directly dissociate the ROS. This inhibits cPLA(2), sPLA(2), and COX expression, and results in the inhibition of PGE(2) release. Thus, we suggest that 635 nm irradiation inhibits PGE(2) synthesis like COX inhibitor and appears to be useful as an anti-inflammatory tool.

Lasers Surg Med 2007 Aug 39(7) 614-21

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17868110

Photobiomodulation on the angiogenesis of skin wounds in rats using different light sources.

Corazza AV, Jorge J, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS

Department of Bioengineering, Sao Carlos Engineering School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos; and School of Physiotherapy, Americana School, Americana, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the angiogenic effects of laser and light-emitting diode (LED) illumination on wounds induced in rats, with varied fluence. BACKGROUND DATA: The LED is an alternative light source that accelerates wound healing, and its efficiency concerning the angiogenic effect was compared to low-level laser therapy (LLLT). METHODS: The experimental model consisted of a circular wound inflicted on the quadriceps of 120 rats, using a 15-mm-diameter “punch.” Animals were divided randomly into five groups: two groups of laser, with dosages of 5 and 20 J/cm(2), respectively, two groups of LED, also with dosages of 5 and 20 J/cm(2), and a control group. Six hours after wound infliction, the treated groups received the diverse applications accordingly and were irradiated every 24 h. Angiogenesis was studied through histomorphometry on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the wounds were inflicted. RESULTS: On days 3, 7, and 14, the proliferation of blood vessels in all irradiated groups was superior in comparison to those of the control group (p < 0.05). Treatment with fluence of 5 J/cm(2) was better than the laser group with 20 J/cm(2) on day 21. CONCLUSION: Red LLLT and LED demonstrated expressive results in angiogenesis. Light coherence was shown not to be essential to angiogenesis. However, further studies are needed in order to investigate the photobiomodulatory effects of LED in relation to LLLT in various biological tissues.

Photomed Laser Surg 2007 Apr 25(2) 102-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17508845

[Action of the red and infrared electromagnetic waves of light-emitting diodes on the behavioral manifestation of somatic pain]

Sushko BS, Lymans’kyi IuP, Huliar SO

Research of analgesic action of electromagnetic waves (EMWs) of red (1 = 640 +/- 30 nm) and infra-red (1 = 880 +/- 30 nm) light-emitting diodes of device “MEDOLIGHT” on a tonic and acute pain of white outbreed male mice is carried out. The tonic pain was caused by hypodermic injection of 20 ml of 5% formalin solution in a back surface pad of a hinder leg. Acupuncture point (AP) E-36 or the center of pain were exposed to the action of red or infrared light-emitting diodes in cumulative density of steam radiation capacity during 10 min by 26 mWt/ cm2 in continuous or pulse regimen for frequencies 10, 600, 8000 Hz. Quantitative intensity of a painful syndrome was estimated by average group duration or quantity of painful (licking of the center of a pain, twitching of a hinder leg) and non-painful (dream, grooming, eating) behaviour manifistation of animals for the certain intervals of observation. Sensitivity of animals to acute pain–“a painful threshold”–was deter- mined in experiences with “an electric floor” on size of the electric voltage caused vocalization. The analgesic action both continuous, and pulse light-emitting diode EMWs, features of their action in relation to the place of the application and modes of influence were shown. Thus, the continuous stimulation of AP E-36 only by red EMW decreased the duration of pain paw licking on 33% and quantities of twitching of animals paw on 37% while the duration of grooming, dream, and consumption of feed raised. Such changes of painful and nonpainful behaviour unequivocally specify reduction of a tonic pain. Combined action of red and infrared EMWs caused diverse changes of painful reactions of animals and increase of extremity hyperemia. Thus at summary action of EMWs on AP E-36 of mice the long increase of painful sensitivity was observed. Exposure of EMWs to the center of a pain reduced the intensity of painful reactions of mice on 30% in average, time of their movings in a cage increased twice and duration of dream increased by 39%. Thus, summary action of red and infrared EMWs on AP E-36 promoted only to improvement of a blood circulation and increase painful sensitivity. In experiments with a tonic pain the summary pulse action on AP E-36 of the red and infrared EMWs with frequencies 10, 600, 8000 Hz reduced twice quantity of paw twitchings of animals with pain. The greatest efficiency in suppression of tonic pain syndrome observed for frequencies of 10 and 8000 Hz. The data received testify that the hypoanalgesic effect of light-emitting diode EMWs depends on area of influence, lengths of wave and the modes of an irradiation chosen in view of intensity and duration of stimulation.

Fiziol Zh 2007 53(3) 51-60

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17725044

A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis.

Hargate G

Newlands Medical Centre, Borough Road, Middlesbrough, UK. g.hargate@ntlworld.com

BACKGROUND: Previous research demonstrated that 1072-nm narrowband laser light is effective in the treatment of cold sores. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of an over-the-counter cold-sore treatment device (Virulite CS) incorporating 1072-nm light-emitting diodes. METHODS: A randomised, prospective, double-blind, self-reported study was performed to compare the efficacy of at least six 3-min treatments of 1072-nm narrowband light against placebo, in the treatment of herpes labialis. RESULTS: The 1072-nm light-emitting diode device reduced cold-sore healing time to 6.3 days compared with 9.4 days for placebo (P=0.048). The time the cold sore took to form a crust was also reduced from 2.00 days for those treated with 1072-nm light, compared with 2.88 days for placebo (P=0.059) CONCLUSIONS: The significant difference between the mean healing times in the two groups demonstrates that the Virulite CS device is an effective means of treating herpes labialis.

Clin Exp Dermatol 2006 Sep 31(5) 638-41

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16780494

Photobiomodulation partially rescues visual cortical neurons from cyanide-induced apoptosis.

Liang HL, Whelan HT, Eells JT, Meng H, Buchmann E, Lerch-Gaggl A, Wong-Riley M

Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Near-infrared light via light-emitting diode treatment has documented therapeutic effects on neurons functionally inactivated by tetrodotoxin or methanol intoxication. Light-emitting diode pretreatment also reduced potassium cyanide-induced cell death, but the mode of death via the apoptotic or necrotic pathway was unclear. The current study tested our hypothesis that light-emitting diode rescues neurons from apoptotic cell death. Primary neuronal cultures from postnatal rat visual cortex were pretreated with light-emitting diode for 10 min at a total energy density of 30 J/cm2 before exposing to potassium cyanide for 28 h. With 100 or 300 microM potassium cyanide, neurons died mainly via the apoptotic pathway, as confirmed by electron microscopy, Hoechst 33258, single-stranded DNA, Bax, and active caspase-3. In the presence of caspase inhibitor I, the percentage of apoptotic cells in 300microM potassium cyanide was significantly decreased. Light-emitting diode pretreatment reduced apoptosis from 36% to 17.9% (100 microM potassium cyanide) and from 58.9% to 39.6% (300 microM potassium cyanide), representing a 50.3% and 32.8% reduction, respectively. Light-emitting diode pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of caspase-3 elicited by potassium cyanide. It also reversed the potassium cyanide-induced increased expression of Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2 to control levels. Moreover, light-emitting diode decreased the intensity of 5-(and -6) chloromethy-2′, 7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester, a marker of reactive oxygen species, in neurons exposed to 300 microM potassium cyanide. These results indicate that light-emitting diode pretreatment partially protects neurons against cyanide-induced caspase-mediated apoptosis, most likely by decreasing reactive oxygen species production, down-regulating pro-apoptotic proteins and activating anti-apoptotic proteins, as well as increasing energy metabolism in neurons as reported previously.

Neuroscience 2006 May 12 139(2) 639-49

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16464535

Combination blue (415 nm) and red (633 nm) LED phototherapy in the treatment of mild to severe acne vulgaris.

Goldberg DJ, Russell BA

Skin Laser & Surgery Specialists of New York/New Jersey, and Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA. drdavidgoldberg@skinandlasers.com

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acne vulgaris represents both a challenge to the treating dermatologist and a major concern for the patient. Conventional treatments have proved inconsistent with often unacceptable side effects and high rates of recurrence. Non-thermal, non-laser, phototherapy for acne with a combination of blue and red light has recently attracted attention. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of this combination phototherapy. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects, Fitzpatrick skin types II-V, with mild to severe symmetric facial acne vulgaris were recruited for the study. Subjects were well matched at baseline in terms of both age and duration of acne. Subjects were treated over eight sessions, two per week 3 days apart, alternating between 415 nm blue light (20 minutes/session, 48 J/cm2) and 633 nm red light (20 minutes/session, 96 J/cm2) from a light-emitting diode (LED)-based therapy system. Patients received a mild microdermabrasion before each session. Acne was assessed at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8 and 12. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients completed the trial. A mean reduction in lesion count was observed at all follow-up points. At the 4-week follow-up, the mean lesion count reduction was significant at 46% (p=0.001). At the 12-week follow-up, the mean lesion count reduction was also significant at 81% (p=0.001). Patient and dermatologist assessments were similar. Severe acne showed a marginally better response than mild acne. Side effects were minimal and transitory. Comedones did not respond as well as inflammatory lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Combination blue and red LED therapy appears to have excellent potential in the treatment of mild to severe acne. Treatment appears to be both pain- and side effect-free.

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2006 Jun 8(2) 71-5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16766484

Brief report: embryonic growth and hatching implications of developmental 670-nm phototherapy and dioxin co-exposure.

Yeager RL, Franzosa JA, Millsap DS, Lim J, Hansen CM, Jasevicius AV, Heise SS, Wakhungu P, Whelan HT, Eells JT, Henshel DS

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. rlyeager@indiana.edu

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effect of 670-nm light therapy on growth and hatching kinetics in chickens (Gallus gallus) exposed to dioxin. BACKGROUND DATA: Photobiomodulation has been shown to stimulate signaling pathways resulting in improved energy metabolism, antioxidant production, and cell survival. In ovo treatment with 670-nm light-emitting diode (LED) arrays improves hatching success and increases hatchling size in control chickens. Under conditions where developmental dioxin exposure is above the lethality threshold (100 ppt), phototherapy attenuates dioxin-induced early embryonic death. We hypothesized that 670-nm LED therapy would attenuate dioxin-induced developmental anomalies and increase hatching success. METHODS: Fertile chicken eggs were injected with control oil, 2, 20, or 200 ppt dioxin, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) prior to the start of incubation. Half of the eggs in each dose group were treated once per day from embryonic days 0-20 with 670-nm LED light at a fluence of 4 J/cm2. Hatchling size, organ weights, and energy parameters were compared between dose groups and LED treatment. RESULTS: LED therapy resulted in earlier pip times (small hole created 12-24 h prior to hatch), and increased hatchling size and weight in the 200 ppt dose groups. However, there appears to be an LED-oil interaction within the oil-treated controls that results in longer hatch times and decreased liver weight within the LED control dose groups in comparison to the non-LED control dose groups. CONCLUSION: Size and hatching times suggest that the hatching success and preparedness of chicks developmentally exposed to dioxin concentrations above the lethality threshold is improved by 670-nm LED treatment administered throughout the gestation period, but the relationship may be complicated by an LED-oil interaction.

Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Jun 24(3) 410-3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16875452

[A comparison of the effects of laser and light-emitting diodes on superoxide dismutase activity and nitric oxide production in rat wound fluid]

Klebanov GI, Shuraeva NIu, Chichuk TV, Osipov AN, Vladimirov IuA

The action of laser and light-emitting diode radiation in the visible region on the content of reactive nitrogen species and activity of superoxide dismutase in rat wound fluid was studied, and efficiency of action of coherent laser and incoherent light emitting diode radiations in the red region of the spectrum on the parameters under study was compared. A model of incised aseptic wounds in rats proposed by L.I. Slutskiy was used. A He-Ne laser (632 nm) and a Y-332B light emitting diode served as radiation sources. It was shown that (1) exposure of wounds to the visible light of both laser and light-emitting diodes causes dose-dependent changes in superoxide dismutase activity and production of nitrites and (2) the radiation coherence does not play any significant role in the changes of superoxide dismutase activity or nitrogen oxide formation by wound fluid phagocytes.

Biofizika 2006 Jan-Feb 51(1) 116-22

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16521561

Polychromatic LED in oval full-thickness wound healing in non-diabetic and diabetic rats.

Al-Watban FA, Andres BL

Laser Medicine Research Section, Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the efficacy of polychromatic light-emitting diode (LED) in the enhancement of wound healing in non-diabetic and diabetic rats. BACKGROUND DATA: LEDs are increasingly used as an alternative light source for phototherapy. METHODS: A cluster of 25 LED photons at 510-543, 594-599, 626-639, 640-670, and 842-872 nm wavelengths with 272-mW output power was used. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 61) were randomly assigned into non-diabetic and diabetic groups and into light treatment groups, that is, control, 5, 10, 20, and 30 J/cm(2). Streptozotocin was used for diabetes induction. Wounds were created using a scalpel after 1 week of wounding. Wounds were measured daily and plotted in time, and the trendline was fitted to obtain slope values. Relative wound healing percentage was computed as follows: RWH% = [(Slope treated – Slope control)/(Slope control)] x 100. The t-test (alpha = 0.05) was used for analysis. RESULTS: The RWH% in the non-diabetic rats was insignificant (p > 0.05) at 5, 10, 20, and 30 J/cm(2) treatments, giving 4.3 +/- 1.97%, 5.4 +/- 1.94%, 4.5 +/- 1.96%, and 1.2 +/- 2.03%, respectively. The healing of diabetic rats was significantly impaired by -11.7 +/- 3.25% (p = 0.02), which was mitigated by 5 J/cm(2) treatment (2.4 +/- 3.02%, (p) = 0.40) and 10 J/cm(2) treatment (-5.5 +/- 3.28%, p = 0.11). Diabetic wound healing using 20 J/cm(2) (-8.7 +/- 3.39%, p = 0.03) and 30 J/cm(2) (-10.90 +/- 1.97%, p = 0.01) affected significant inhibition. CONCLUSION: The effect of polychromatic LED therapy in oval full-thickness wound-healing in the diabetic model with the use of 5 and 10 J/cm(2) is promising. Further studies to determine optimum dosimetry and efficacy of LEDs are recommended.

Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Feb 24(1) 10-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16503782

Survivorship and mortality implications of developmental 670-nm phototherapy: dioxin co-exposure.

Yeager RL, Franzosa JA, Millsap DS, Lim J, Heise SS, Wakhungu P, Whelan HT, Eells JT, Henshel DS

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 341 SPEA Building, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. rlyeager@indiana.edu

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effect of 670-nm light therapy on dioxin-induced embryonic mortality in chickens (Gallus gallus). BACKGROUND DATA: Developmental photobiomodulation using 670-nm light-emitting diode (LED) arrays improves hatching success and increases body size in hatchling chickens. Photobiomodulation also stimulates signaling pathways resulting in improved energy metabolism, antioxidant production and cell survival. Dioxin causes embryonic mortality, including increases in the frequency of chicken embryos that pip but can’t go to hatch. We hypothesized that 670-nm LED therapy would attenuate dioxin-induced embryo mortality. METHODS: Fertile chicken eggs were injected with control or 2, 20, or 200 ppt 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) prior to the start of incubation. Half of the eggs in each dose group were treated once per day from embryonic days 0-20 with 670-nm LED light at a fluence of 4 J/cm(2). In ovo survival and hatching success were compared between dose groups and LED treatment. RESULTS: LED therapy decreased the embryonic mortality rate by 41%, resulting in increased embryonic survival and improved hatching success in eggs exposed to 200 ppt dioxin. However, at sub-lethal dioxin concentrations and in oil-treated controls, LED therapy slightly increased mortality. CONCLUSION: Overall survivorship and hatching success of chicks developmentally exposed to dioxin concentrations above the lethality threshold (>100 ppt TCDD) is improved by 670-nm LED treatment administered throughout the gestation period, but the relationship may be complicated by an LED-oil interaction.

Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Feb 24(1) 29-32

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16503785

Er:YAG laser ablation of plantar verrucae with red LED therapy-assisted healing.

Trelles MA, Allones I, Mayo E

Instituto Medico Vilafortuny, Antoni de Gimbernat Foundation, Cambrils, Spain. imv@laser-spain.com

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate Er:YAG ablation of plantar verrucae with red light-emitting diode (LED) therapy to assist healing. BACKGROUND DATA: Successful removal of troublesome plantar verrucae still presents problems, particularly regarding complete removal and pain both postoperatively and during healing. A further problem is a high recurrence rate due to the aggressive viral dissemination associated with this kind of wart. METHODS: Over 2 years, the author treated 121 plantar warts under local anesthesia in 58 patients with Er:YAG laser ablation followed by red LED therapy to assist wound healing. The Er:YAG laser (96 J/cm2, 2.0 J/pulse, 350 microsec pulsewidth, 2-mm collimated handpiece) is used first to ablate precisely the verrucous tissue until normal architecture is seen. Immediately after treatment, a red LED therapy system is applied (633 nm, 20 min, 96 J/cm2) to the wound and surrounding area. LED therapy at the same parameters is repeated on postoperative days 2, 6, and 10. A representative plantar verruca case is presented. RESULTS: The Er:YAG laser precisely and cleanly ablates the plantar verrucae with clear margins into normal skin architecture, exhibiting minimal secondary thermal damage. After the first treatment session, patients are usually able to walk normally without any pain, even those who have bilateral verrucae, and no exudate is usually seen from postoperative day 2 on. By postoperative day 6, the wounds have shrunk noticeably and are filled with healthy granulation tissue, and by day 15 they are usually completely healed, with minimal scarring. At the 12-month follow-up, recurrence rates have been less than 6% (3/58 patients). CONCLUSION: From the author’s experience in 121 cases, the Er:YAG laser is ideally suited for precise and speedy ablation of plantar verrucae with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tissue, which, when coupled with visible red LED therapy, has given excellent, accelerated, and pain-free healing in these difficult-to-treat and slow-to-heal lesions with very low recurrence rates.

Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Aug 24(4) 494-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16942430

Red light-emitting diode (LED) therapy accelerates wound healing post-blepharoplasty and periocular laser ablative resurfacing.

Trelles MA, Allones I

Instituto Medico Vilafortuny/Antoni de Gimbernat Foundation, Cambrils, Spain. imv@laser-spain.com

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Blepharoplasties can be associated with sequelae-related patient downtime, often extended or reinforced by periocular laser ablative resurfacing. The present controlled study examined the effects of a new-generation LED phototherapy system on enhancing wound healing following such combination surgery. METHODS: Two males and eight females participated in the trial, with ages ranging from 44 to 59 years (average 52.3 years). Following blepharoplasty and Er:YAG/CO2 laser ablative resurfacing, one-half of each subject’s face was treated with the red LED therapy (20 min, 96 J/cm2, 633 nm), the contralateral half being the unirradiated control. Patients reported subjectively on pain levels and resolution. Resolution of erythema, edema, bruising and days to healing were independently evaluated from the clinical photography. All findings were compared between the treated and untreated sides. RESULTS: In all instances, the LED therapy-treated side was statistically significantly superior to the unirradiated control by a factor of two to three. CONCLUSIONS: In this small series of 10 patients, red LED phototherapy after blepharoplasty and laser ablative resurfacing cut the time to resolution of side effects and the healing time by one-half to one-third compared with contralateral unirradiated controls. Further studies are warranted with larger populations to confirm these findings.

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2006 Apr 8(1) 39-42

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16581685

Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation.

Desmet KD, Paz DA, Corry JJ, Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, Henry MM, Buchmann EV, Connelly MP, Dovi JV, Liang HL, Henshel DS, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Lim J, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT

Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 53226, USA.

This review presents current research on the use of far-red to near-infrared (NIR) light treatment in various in vitro and in vivo models. Low-intensity light therapy, commonly referred to as “photobiomodulation,” uses light in the far-red to near-infrared region of the spectrum (630-1000 nm) and modulates numerous cellular functions. Positive effects of NIR-light-emitting diode (LED) light treatment include acceleration of wound healing, improved recovery from ischemic injury of the heart, and attenuated degeneration of injured optic nerves by improving mitochondrial energy metabolism and production. Various in vitro and in vivo models of mitochondrial dysfunction were treated with a variety of wavelengths of NIR-LED light. These studies were performed to determine the effect of NIR-LED light treatment on physiologic and pathologic processes. NIRLED light treatment stimulates the photoacceptor cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in increased energy metabolism and production. NIR-LED light treatment accelerates wound healing in ischemic rat and murine diabetic wound healing models, attenuates the retinotoxic effects of methanol-derived formic acid in rat models, and attenuates the developmental toxicity of dioxin in chicken embryos. Furthermore, NIR-LED light treatment prevents the development of oral mucositis in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. The experimental results demonstrate that NIR-LED light treatment stimulates mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in vitro, and accelerates cell and tissue repair in vivo. NIR-LED light represents a novel, noninvasive, therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Apr 24(2) 121-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16706690

Treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis with light-emitting diode.

Corti L, Chiarion-Sileni V, Aversa S, Ponzoni A, D’Arcais R, Pagnutti S, Fiore D, Sotti G

Radiotherapy Department, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, University of Padua, Italy. luigi.corti@unipd.it

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of phototherapy with noncoherent light in the alleviation of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in patients with metastatic cancer. BACKGROUND DATA: Mucositis occurs in more than 40% of chemotherapy-treated patients, significantly reducing the quality of their lives. Many different interventions have been evaluated to reduce oral mucositis. Recently, good results have been achieved by phototherapy with photoradiation, a technique which has virtually no side effects. Some clinical results seem to indicate that also phototherapy through noncoherent light emissions which can be produced by less expensive light sources such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may be effective. However, until now, no studies have been available on this subject. METHODS: Twelve patients, aged from 34 to 82, selected on the basis of a diagnosis of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, were treated intra-orally through a noncoherent LED emission, wavelength 645 +/- 15 nm, 7.8 mW, fluence 0.99 J/cm(2), three times a day for 1 week. Mucositis was scored daily using the Daily Mucositis Index (DMI), a scale that evaluates the disease evolution through 16 different items. The primary end-point assessed was the time to recovery, from the start of LED treatment, compared to a nonrandomized control group of 12 patients with comparable stomatitis. RESULTS: The median healing time, expressed as the DMI decrease, was 1.7 (range 1-2.8) and, in seven LED-treated patients, was shorter than in the control group. The healing rate (measured as the ratio of the DMIs) increased from 117% to 164%. CONCLUSION: This pilot study shows that LED treatment is safe and capable of reducing the duration of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This result needs to be confirmed in an adequate phase III study.

Photomed Laser Surg 2006 Apr 24(2) 207-13

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16706701

670 nanometer light treatment attenuates dioxin toxicity in the developing chick embryo.

Yeager RL, Lim J, Millsap DS, Jasevicius AV, Sanders RA, Whelan HT, Watkins JB 3rd, Eells JT, Henshel DS

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. rlyeager@indiana.edu

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an acutely toxic anthropogenic chemical. Treatment with a red to near-infrared (630-1000 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) attenuates the toxicant-induced oxidative stress and energy deficit in neuronal cell culture. For this study, fertile chicken (Gallus gallus) eggs were injected once at the start of incubation with sunflower oil vehicle or 200 pg TCDD/g egg (200 parts per trillion), an environmentally relevant dose. Daily LED treatment after TCDD exposure reduced embryonic mortality by 47%. LED treatment of TCDD-exposed eggs also decreased the hepatic oxidized-to-reduced glutathione ratio by 88%. Activities of other hepatic indicators of oxidative stress, such as glutathione reductase and catalase, were increased after LED treatment of TCDD-exposed eggs. Our study demonstrates that 670 nm phototherapy can mitigate the oxidative stress and energy deficit resulting from developmental exposure to TCDD while reducing TCDD-induced embryo mortality. Moreover, LED treatment restores hepatic enzyme activities to control levels in TCDD-exposed embryos. The effective attenuation of TCDD-induced embryo toxicity by LED treatment could extend to mitigating the effects of other teratogens that induce oxidative and energy stress.

J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2006 20(6) 271-8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17163486

Clinical experience with light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation.

Weiss RA, McDaniel DH, Geronemus RG, Weiss MA, Beasley KL, Munavalli GM, Bellew SG

Maryland Laser, Skin and Vein Institute, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA. rweiss@mdlaserskin-vein.com

BACKGROUND: Light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation is a novel nonthermal technology used to modulate cellular activity with light. OBJECTIVE: We describe our experience over the last 2 years using 590 nm LED photomodulation within a dermatologic surgery environment. METHODS: Practical use of nonthermal light energy and emerging applications in 3,500 treatments delivered to 900 patients is detailed. RESULTS: LED photomodulation has been used alone for skin rejuvenation in over 300 patients but has been effective in augmentation of results in 600 patients receiving concomitant nonablative thermal and vascular treatments such as intense pulsed light, pulsed dye laser, KTP and infrared lasers, radiofrequency energy, and ablative lasers. CONCLUSION: LED photomodulation reverses signs of photoaging using a new nonthermal mechanism. The anti-inflammatory component of LED in combination with the cell regulatory component helps improve the outcome of other thermal-based rejuvenation treatments.

Dermatol Surg 2005 Sep 31(9 Pt 2) 1199-205

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16176771

Probing the differential effects of infrared light sources IR1072 and IR880 on human lymphocytes: evidence of selective cytoprotection by IR1072.

Bradford A, Barlow A, Chazot PL

School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, Tyne & Wear DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.

Light therapy, both laser and LED, have been shown to provide clinical benefit in many therapeutic arenas. The effects of IR1072 and IR880 were investigated, using a range of single and multiple irradiation protocols, for their effect on freshly prepared human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Viable cell numbers remained significantly higher after irradiation with IR1072 and were significantly lower after IR880 irradiation compared to untreated controls, following a daily single irradiation over a 5-day period. Cell numbers were significantly higher after pre-treatment with IR1072 and exposure to UVA, compared to cells treated with UVA only. Cells irradiated twice on Day 3 post-harvest with various wavebands confirm on Day 5, an increase in % cell viability after IR1072, and IR1072 alternating with IR1268 irradiation, and a decrease in % cell viability after IR880 irradiation alone. Further, wavebands tested displayed no significant differences compared to the control. Cells were collected after exposure on Days 3 and 5 with IR1072 and IR880 treatments and protein levels were compared using quantitative immunoblotting probed with an anti-iNOS antibody. Following IR1072, but not IR880, treatment there was a 4.9+/-2.1-fold higher iNOS protein expression in treated cells compared to the control on Day 5 post-treatment.

J Photochem Photobiol B 2005 Oct 3 81(1) 9-14

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16046143

[A comparative study of the effects of laser and light-emitting diode irradiation on the wound healing and functional activity of wound exudate leukocytes]

Klebanov GI, Shuraeva NIu, Chichuk TV, Osipov AN, Rudenko TG, Shekhter AB, Vladimirov IuA

The effects of coherent He-Ne laser and non-coherent light-emitting diode radiation on rat skin wound healing and functional activity of wound excudate leukocytes were compared. A comparative pathomorphological analysis showed that the He-Ne laser and light-emitting diode irradiation stimulated the transition of the inflammatory phase of the wound healing into the reparative (proliferative) and scarring phases sequentially. It was also detected that the functional activity of leucocytes changed in a dose-dependent manner. The leukocyte activity was found to be similar in the groups with laser and light-emitting diode irradiation. Thus, we can conclude that coherent laser and non-coherent light-emitting diode radiation have very close effects on wound healing and activity of wound exudate leukocytes, and coherence is not required for this activity.

Biofizika 2005 Nov-Dec 50(6) 1137-44

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16358796

Effects of 670-nm phototherapy on development.

Yeager RL, Franzosa JA, Millsap DS, Angell-Yeager JL, Heise SS, Wakhungu P, Lim J, Whelan HT, Eells JT, Henshel DS

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. rlyeager@indiana.edu

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to assess the survival and hatching success of chickens (Gallus gallus) exposed in ovo to far-red (670-nm) LED therapy. BACKGROUND DATA: Photobiomodulation by light in the red to near-infrared range (630-1000 nm) using low-energy lasers or light-emitting diode (LED) arrays has been shown to accelerate wound healing and improve recovery from ischemic injury. The mechanism of photobiomodulation at the cellular level has been ascribed to the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain components resulting in initiation of a signaling cascade that promotes cellular proliferation and cytoprotecton. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fertile chicken eggs were treated once per day from embryonic days 0-20 with 670-nm LED light at a fluence of 4 J/cm2. In ovo survival and death were monitored by daily candling (after Day 4). RESULTS: We observed a substantial decrease in overall and third-week mortality rates in the light-treated chickens. Overall, there was approximately a 41.5% decrease in mortality rate in the light-treated chickens (NL: 20%; L: 11.8%). During the third week of development, there was a 68.8% decrease in the mortality rate in light-treated chickens (NL: 20%; L: 6.25%). In addition, body weight, crown-rump length, and liver weight increased as a result of the 670-nm phototherapy. Light-treated chickens pipped (broke shell) earlier and had a shorter duration between pip and hatch. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that 670-nm phototherapy by itself does not adversely affect developing embryos and may improve the hatching survival rate.

Photomed Laser Surg 2005 Jun 23(3) 268-72

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15954813

Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase.

Wong-Riley MT, Liang HL, Eells JT, Chance B, Henry MM, Buchmann E, Kane M, Whelan HT

Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. mwr@mcw.edu

Far red and near infrared (NIR) light promotes wound healing, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Our previous studies using 670 nm light-emitting diode (LED) arrays suggest that cytochrome c oxidase, a photoacceptor in the NIR range, plays an important role in therapeutic photobiomodulation. If this is true, then an irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase, potassium cyanide (KCN), should compete with LED and reduce its beneficial effects. This hypothesis was tested on primary cultured neurons. LED treatment partially restored enzyme activity blocked by 10-100 microm KCN. It significantly reduced neuronal cell death induced by 300 microm KCN from 83.6 to 43.5%. However, at 1-100 mm KCN, the protective effects of LED decreased, and neuronal deaths increased. LED significantly restored neuronal ATP content only at 10 microm KCN but not at higher concentrations of KCN tested. Pretreatment with LED enhanced efficacy of LED during exposure to 10 or 100 microm KCN but did not restore enzyme activity to control levels. In contrast, LED was able to completely reverse the detrimental effect of tetrodotoxin, which only indirectly down-regulated enzyme levels. Among the wavelengths tested (670, 728, 770, 830, and 880 nm), the most effective ones (830 nm, 670 nm) paralleled the NIR absorption spectrum of oxidized cytochrome c oxidase, whereas the least effective wavelength, 728 nm, did not. The results are consistent with our hypothesis that the mechanism of photobiomodulation involves the up-regulation of cytochrome c oxidase, leading to increased energy metabolism in neurons functionally inactivated by toxins.

J Biol Chem 2005 Feb 11 280(6) 4761-71

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15557336

Clinical trial of a novel non-thermal LED array for reversal of photoaging: clinical, histologic, and surface profilometric results.

Weiss RA, McDaniel DH, Geronemus RG, Weiss MA

Maryland Laser Skin & Vein Institute, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21030, USA. rweiss@mdlaserskinvein.com

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Photomodulation has been described as a process which modifies cell activity using light sources without thermal effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of a non-thermal low dose light emitting diode (LED) array for improving the appearance of photoaged subjects. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study investigated a random cohort of patients (N = 90) with a wide range of photoaged skin treated by LED photomodulation using a full panel 590 nm non-thermal full face LED array delivering 0.1 J/cm(2) with a specific sequence of pulsing. Subjects were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, 18 weeks and 6 and 12 months after a series of 8 treatments delivered over 4 weeks. Data collected included stereotactic digital imaging, computerized optical digital profilometry, and peri-ocular biopsy histologic evaluations for standard stains and well as collagen synthetic and degradative pathway immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS: Digital imaging data showed a reduction of signs of photoaging in 90% of subjects with smoother texture, reduction of peri-orbital rhytids, and reduction of erythema and pigmentation. Optical profilometry showed a 10% improvement by surface topographical measurements. Histologic data showed markedly increased collagen in the papillary dermis of 100% of post-treatment specimens (N = 10). Staining with anti-collagen I antibodies demonstrated a 28% (range: 10%-70%) average increase in density while staining with anti-matrixmetalloproteinase (MMP)-1 showed an average reduction of 4% (range: 2%-40%). No side effects or pain were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Photomodulation to reverse photoaging is possible with a specific array of LEDs with a specific fluence using a precise pulsing or “code” sequence. Skin textural improvement by digital imaging and surface profilometry is accompanied by increased collagen I deposition with reduced MMP-1 (collagenase) activity in the papillary dermis. This technique is a safe and effective non-painful non-ablative modality for improvement of photoaging.

Lasers Surg Med 2005 Feb 36(2) 85-91

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15654716

Green light emitting diode irradiation enhances fibroblast growth impaired by high glucose level.

Vinck EM, Cagnie BJ, Cornelissen MJ, Declercq HA, Cambier DC

Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. elke.vinck@UGent.be

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality due to a series of common secondary metabolic complications, such as the development of severe, often slow healing skin lesions. In view of promoting the wound-healing process in diabetic patients, this preliminary in vitro study investigated the efficacy of green light emitting diode (LED) irradiation on fibroblast proliferation and viability under hyperglycemic circumstances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve hyperglycemic circumstances, embryonic chicken fibroblasts were cultured in Hanks’ culture medium supplemented with 30 g/L glucose. LED irradiation was performed on 3 consecutive days with a probe emitting green light (570 nm) and a power output of 10 mW. Each treatment lasted 3 min, resulting in a radiation exposure of 0.1 J/cm2. RESULTS: A Mann-Whitney U test revealed a higher proliferation rate (p = 0.001) in all irradiated cultures in comparison with the controls. CONCLUSION: According to these results, the effectiveness of green LED irradiation on fibroblasts in hyperglycemic circumstances is established. Future in vivo investigation would be worthwhile to investigate whether there are equivalent positive results in diabetic patients.

Photomed Laser Surg 2005 Apr 23(2) 167-71

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15910180

Evidence of changes in sural nerve conduction mediated by light emitting diode irradiation.

Vinck E, Coorevits P, Cagnie B, De Muynck M, Vanderstraeten G, Cambier D

Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. elke.vinck@UGent.be

The introduction of light emitting diode (LED) devices as a novel treatment for pain relief in place of low-level laser warrants fundamental research on the effect of LED devices on one of the potential explanatory mechanisms: peripheral neurophysiology in vivo. A randomised controlled study was conducted by measuring antidromic nerve conduction on the peripheral sural nerve of healthy subjects (n=64). One baseline measurement and five post-irradiation recordings (2-min interval each) were performed of the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and negative peak latency (NPL). Interventional set-up was identical for all subjects, but the experimental group (=32) received an irradiation (2 min at a continuous power output of 160 mW, resulting in a radiant exposure of 1.07 J/cm(2)) with an infrared LED device (BIO-DIO preprototype; MDB-Laser, Belgium), while the placebo group was treated by sham irradiation. Statistical analysis (general regression nodel for repeated measures) of NCV and NPL difference scores, revealed a significant interactive effect for both NCV (P=0.003) and NPL (P=0.006). Further post hoc LSD analysis showed a time-related statistical significant decreased NCV and an increased NPL in the experimental group and a statistical significant difference between placebo and experimental group at various points of time. Based on these results, it can be concluded that LED irradiation, applied to intact skin at the described irradiation parameters, produces an immediate and localized effect upon conduction characteristics in underlying nerves. Therefore, the outcome of this in vivo experiment yields a potential explanation for pain relief induced by LED.

Lasers Med Sci 2005 20(1) 35-40

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15895289

Mitochondrial signal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy.

Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, VerHoeve J, Henry M, Buchman EV, Kane MP, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT

Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. jeells@uwm.edu

Photobiomodulation by light in the red to near infrared range (630-1000 nm) using low energy lasers or light-emitting diode (LED) arrays has been shown to accelerate wound healing, improve recovery from ischemic injury in the heart and attenuate degeneration in the injured optic nerve. Recent evidence indicates that the therapeutic effects of red to near infrared light result, in part, from intracellular signaling mechanisms triggered by the interaction of NIR light with the mitochondrial photoacceptor molecule cytochrome c oxidase. We have demonstrated that NIR-LED photo-irradiation increases the production of cytochrome oxidase in cultured primary neurons and reverses the reduction of cytochrome oxidase activity produced by metabolic inhibitors. We have also shown that NIR-LED treatment prevents the development of oral mucositis in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Photobiomodulation improves wound healing in genetically diabetic mice by upregulating genes important in the promotion of wound healing. More recent studies have provided evidence for the therapeutic benefit of NIR-LED treatment in the survival and functional recovery of the retina and optic nerve in vivo after acute injury by the mitochondrial toxin, formic acid generated in the course of methanol intoxication. Gene discovery studies conducted using microarray technology documented a significant upregulation of gene expression in pathways involved in mitochondrial energy production and antioxidant cellular protection. These findings provide a link between the actions of red to near infrared light on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in vitro and cell injury in vivo. Based on these findings and the strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases processes, we propose that NIR-LED photobiomodulation represents an innovative and non-invasive therapeutic approach for the treatment of tissue injury and disease processes in which mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to play a role including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and Parkinson’s disease.

Mitochondrion 2004 Sep 4(5-6) 559-67

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16120414

Therapeutic photobiomodulation for methanol-induced retinal toxicity.

Eells JT, Henry MM, Summerfelt P, Wong-Riley MT, Buchmann EV, Kane M, Whelan NT, Whelan HT

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. jeells@mcw.edu

Methanol intoxication produces toxic injury to the retina and optic nerve, resulting in blindness. The toxic metabolite in methanol intoxication is formic acid, a mitochondrial toxin known to inhibit the essential mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome oxidase. Photobiomodulation by red to near-IR radiation has been demonstrated to enhance mitochondrial activity and promote cell survival in vitro by stimulation of cytochrome oxidase activity. The present studies were undertaken to test the hypothesis that exposure to monochromatic red radiation from light-emitting diode (LED) arrays would protect the retina against the toxic actions of methanol-derived formic acid in a rodent model of methanol toxicity. Using the electroretinogram as a sensitive indicator of retinal function, we demonstrated that three brief (2 min, 24 s) 670-nm LED treatments (4 J/cm(2)), delivered at 5, 25, and 50 h of methanol intoxication, attenuated the retinotoxic effects of methanol-derived formate. Our studies document a significant recovery of rod- and cone-mediated function in LED-treated, methanol-intoxicated rats. We further show that LED treatment protected the retina from the histopathologic changes induced by methanol-derived formate. These findings provide a link between the actions of monochromatic red to near-IR light on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in vitro and retinoprotection in vivo. They also suggest that photobiomodulation may enhance recovery from retinal injury and other ocular diseases in which mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to play a role.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 Mar 18 100(6) 3439-44

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12626762

The use of polarised polychromatic non-coherent light alone as a therapy for venous leg ulceration.

Medenica L, Lens M

Institute of Dermatovenereology, Department of Dermatovenereology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effectiveness of polarised, polychromatic, non-coherent light therapy in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Investigators in previous studies have advocated the use of light as an adjunct to other proven therapies or on its own. METHOD: This was a pilot prospective case-series study. We enrolled 25 patients with venous leg ulcers. All were treated with light only. Phototherapy (light therapy) treatments were given once a day over four weeks. RESULTS: All ulcers except one (99%) had a positive value for the change in healing area at the end of the four weeks. The total number of 73 leg ulcers recorded at the beginning of the study was reduced to 51 at the end of the four weeks (p < 0.01). The decrease in wound surface area following the treatment was statistically significant (mean: 57.15%; SD: 31.87%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Polarised, polychromatic light therapy applied as a monotherapy was associated with positive healing rates in patients with venous leg ulcers. It is a simple and non-invasive treatment. However, a well-designed randomised controlled study is needed to confirm the efficacy of this form of phototherapy and to objectively evaluate recommendations for its routine use in clinical practice.

J Wound Care 2003 Jan 12(1) 37-40

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12572235

Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on molecular changes for wound healing in diabetic mice.

Whelan HT, Buchmann EV, Dhokalia A, Kane MP, Whelan NT, Wong-Riley MT, Eells JT, Gould LJ, Hammamieh R, Das R, Jett M

Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. hwhelan@mcw.edu

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in gene expression of near-infrared light therapy in a model of impaired wound healing. Background Data: Light-Emitting Diodes (LED), originally developed for NASA plant growth experiments in space, show promise for delivering light deep into tissues of the body to promote wound healing and human tissue growth. In this paper we present the effects of LED treatment on wounds in a genetically diabetic mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polyvinyl acetal (PVA) sponges were subcutaneously implanted in the dorsum of BKS.Cg-m +/+ Lepr(db) mice. LED treatments were given once daily, and at the sacrifice day, the sponges, incision line and skin over the sponges were harvested and used for RNA extraction. The RNA was subsequently analyzed by cDNA array. RESULTS: Our studies have revealed certain tissue regenerating genes that were significantly upregulated upon LED treatment when compared to the untreated sample. Integrins, laminin, gap junction proteins, and kinesin superfamily motor proteins are some of the genes involved during regeneration process. These are some of the genes that were identified upon gene array experiments with RNA isolated from sponges from the wound site in mouse with LED treatment. CONCLUSION: We believe that the use of NASA light-emitting diodes (LED) for light therapy will greatly enhance the natural wound healing process, and more quickly return the patient to a preinjury/illness level of activity. This work is supported and managed through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-SBIR Program.

J Clin Laser Med Surg 2003 Apr 21(2) 67-74

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12737646

Increased fibroblast proliferation induced by light emitting diode and low power laser irradiation.

Vinck EM, Cagnie BJ, Cornelissen MJ, Declercq HA, Cambier DC

Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. elke.vinck@ugent.be

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: As Light Emitting Diode (LED) devices are commercially introduced as an alternative for Low Level Laser (LLL) Therapy, the ability of LED in influencing wound healing processes at cellular level was examined. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured fibroblasts were treated in a controlled, randomized manner, during three consecutive days, either with an infrared LLL or with a LED light source emitting several wavelengths (950 nm, 660 nm and 570 nm) and respective power outputs. Treatment duration varied in relation to varying surface energy densities (radiant exposures). RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed a higher rate of proliferation (p < 0.001) in all irradiated cultures in comparison with the controls. Green light yielded a significantly higher number of cells, than red (p < 0.001) and infrared LED light (p < 0.001) and than the cultures irradiated with the LLL (p < 0.001); the red probe provided a higher increase (p < 0.001) than the infrared LED probe and than the LLL source. CONCLUSION: LED and LLL irradiation resulted in an increased fibroblast proliferation in vitro. This study therefore postulates possible stimulatory effects on wound healing in vivo at the applied dosimetric parameters.

Lasers Med Sci 2003 18(2) 95-9

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12928819

NASA light-emitting diodes for the prevention of oral mucositis in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients.

Whelan HT, Connelly JF, Hodgson BD, Barbeau L, Post AC, Bullard G, Buchmann EV, Kane M, Whelan NT, Warwick A, Margolis D

Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. hwhelan@mcw.edu

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prophylactic near-infrared light therapy from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in pediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. BACKGROUND DATA: Oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent side effect of chemotherapy that leads to increased morbidity. Near-infrared light has been shown to produce biostimulatory effects in tissues, and previous results using near-infrared lasers have shown improvement in OM indices. However, LEDs may hold greater potential for clinical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 32 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing myeloablative therapy in preparation for BMT. Patients were examined by two of three pediatric dentists trained in assessing the Schubert oral mucositis index (OMI) for left and right buccal and lateral tongue mucosal surfaces, while the patients were asked to rate their current left and right mouth pain, left and right xerostomia, and throat pain. LED therapy consisted of daily treatment at a fluence of 4 J/cm(2) using a 670-nm LED array held to the left extraoral epithelium starting on the day of transplant, with a concurrent sham treatment on the right. Patients were assessed before BMT and every 2-3 days through posttransplant day 14. Outcomes included the percentage of patients with ulcerative oral mucositis (UOM) compared to historical epidemiological controls, the comparison of left and right buccal pain to throat pain, and the comparison between sides of the buccal and lateral tongue OMI and buccal pain. RESULTS: The incidence of UOM was 53%, compared to an expected rate of 70-90%. There was also a 48% and 39% reduction of treated left and right buccal pain, respectively, compared to untreated throat pain at about posttransplant day 7 (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between sides in OMI or pain. CONCLUSION: Although more studies are needed, LED therapy appears useful in the prevention of OM in pediatric BMT patients.

J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002 Dec 20(6) 319-24

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12513918

Light-emitting diode treatment reverses the effect of TTX on cytochrome oxidase in neurons.

Wong-Riley MT, Bai X, Buchmann E, Whelan HT

Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Light close to and in the near-infrared range has documented benefits for promoting wound healing in human and animals. However, mechanisms of its action on cells are poorly understood. We hypothesized that light treatment with a light-emitting diode array at 670 nm (LED) is therapeutic in stimulating cellular events involving increases in cytochrome oxidase activity. LED was administered to cultured primary neurons whose voltage-dependent sodium channels were blocked by tetrodotoxin. The down-regulation of cytochrome oxidase activity by TTX was reverted to control levels by LED. LED alone also up-regulated enzyme activity. Thus, the results are consistent with our hypothesis that LED has a stimulating effect on cytochrome oxidase in neurons, even when they have been functionally silenced by TTX.

Neuroreport 2001 Oct 8 12(14) 3033-7

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11568632

Biostimulatory windows in low-intensity laser activation: lasers, scanners, and NASA’s light-emitting diode array system.

Sommer AP, Pinheiro AL, Mester AR, Franke RP, Whelan HT

Central Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Germany.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess and to formulate physically an irreducible set of irradiation parameters that could be relevant in the achieving reproducible light-induced effects in biological systems, both in vitro and in vivo. BACKGROUND DATA: Light-tissue interaction studies focusing on the evaluation of irradiation thresholds are basic for the extensively growing applications for medical lasers and related light-emitting systems. These thresholds are of central interest in the rejuvenation of collagens, photorefractive keratectomy, and wound healing. METHODS: There is ample evidence that the action of light in biological systems depends at least on two threshold parameters: the energy density and the intensity. Depending on the particular light delivery system coupled to an irradiation source, the mean energy density and the local intensity have to be determined separately using adequate experimental methods. RESULTS: From the observations of different research groups and our own observations, we conclude that the threshold parameters energy density and intensity are biologically independent from each other. CONCLUSIONS: This independence is of practical importance, at least for the medical application of photobiological effects achieved at low-energy density levels, accounting for the success and the failure in most of the cold laser uses since Mester’s pioneering work.

J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001 Feb 19(1) 29-33

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11547815

Monochromatic infrared irradiation (890 nm): effect of a multisource array upon conduction in the human median nerve.

Noble JG, Lowe AS, Baxter GD

Rehabilitation Sciences Research Group, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland.

OBJECTIVE: Antidromic conduction studies in the human median nerve were used to assess the neurophysiological effects of irradiation of the skin overlying the nerve using a novel treatment unit comprising a multisource monochromatic infrared diode array (Equilight, Denver, CO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy human volunteers (n = 40) were recruited and randomly allocated to one of four groups: control, placebo, or one of two treatment groups (1.7 and 4.0 J/cm2). After baseline recordings of negative peak latency (NPL) were completed on the nondominant arm, subjects were treated according to group allocation. Recordings were subsequently repeated at 5-min intervals over a 45-min period. RESULTS: Analysis of negative peak latency difference scores (ANOVA) demonstrated significant differences in NPL between groups and over time (p < 0.05). While in the control and placebo groups NPL values remained relatively stable, in the two treatment groups such values decreased marginally, with the greatest effects observed in the 4.0 J/cm2 group (e.g., at 5 min, differences in NPL [mean +/- SEM]: control group, 0.02+/-0.03 msec; treatment group 2, 4 J/cm2, -0.07+/-0.03 msec). Similar significant differences were observed in skin temperature; correlation analysis indicated a weak (but expected) positive linear relationship between skin temperature and nerve conduction velocity (r = 0.125). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that irradiation at the parameters and under the conditions used here produce a direct neurophysiological effect. The magnitude of such effects are in keeping with previous findings using single source arrays at higher radiant exposures or thermal effects of the treatment unit.

J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001 Dec 19(6) 291-5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11776446

Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing.

Whelan HT, Smits RL Jr, Buchman EV, Whelan NT, Turner SG, Margolis DA, Cevenini V, Stinson H, Ignatius R, Martin T, Cwiklinski J, Philippi AF, Graf WR, Hodgson B, Gould L, Kane M, Chen G, Caviness J

Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and near-infrared light therapy on wound healing. BACKGROUND DATA: Light-emitting diodes (LED), originally developed for NASA plant growth experiments in space show promise for delivering light deep into tissues of the body to promote wound healing and human tissue growth. In this paper, we review and present our new data of LED treatment on cells grown in culture, on ischemic and diabetic wounds in rat models, and on acute and chronic wounds in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro and in vivo (animal and human) studies utilized a variety of LED wavelength, power intensity, and energy density parameters to begin to identify conditions for each biological tissue that are optimal for biostimulation. Results: LED produced in vitro increases of cell growth of 140-200% in mouse-derived fibroblasts, rat-derived osteoblasts, and rat-derived skeletal muscle cells, and increases in growth of 155-171% of normal human epithelial cells. Wound size decreased up to 36% in conjunction with HBO in ischemic rat models. LED produced improvement of greater than 40% in musculoskeletal training injuries in Navy SEAL team members, and decreased wound healing time in crew members aboard a U.S. Naval submarine. LED produced a 47% reduction in pain of children suffering from oral mucositis. CONCLUSION: We believe that the use of NASA LED for light therapy alone, and in conjunction with hyperbaric oxygen, will greatly enhance the natural wound healing process, and more quickly return the patient to a preinjury/illness level of activity. This work is supported and managed through the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-SBIR Program.

J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001 Dec 19(6) 305-14

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11776448

The use of low energy photon therapy (LEPT) in venous leg ulcers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Gupta AK, Filonenko N, Salansky N, Sauder DN

Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Venous ulcers are estimated to be present in 0.2 to 0.4% of the population. Although new therapies have significant promise, nonhealing ulcers still represent a significant problem. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of low energy photon therapy (LEPT) in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. METHODS: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study using low energy photon therapy was performed in nine patients with 12 venous ulcers. Treatment was given three times a week for 10 weeks, using two monochromatic optical sources. One source provided a wavelength (lambda) of 660 nm (red) while the second source delivered a wavelength of 880 nm (infrared). Two optical probes were used, one consisted of an array of 22 monochromatic sources, operating at a wavelength of 660 nm and covering an area 6 x 10 cm2. The second probe had seven infrared sources, operating at a wavelength of 880 nm and covering an area of 4 cm2. The above configuration of optical probes was selected to cover the majority of the ulcer area being treated. The patients who were randomized to placebo treatment received sham therapy from an identical-appearing light source from the same delivery system. RESULTS: Nine patients with 12 venous ulcers were randomized to receive LEPT or placebo therapy. At the conclusion of the study, the percentage of the initial ulcer area remaining unhealed in the LEPT and placebo groups was 24.4% and 84.7%, respectively (P = 0.0008). The decrease in ulcer area (compared to baseline) observed in the LEPT and placebo groups was 193.0 mm2 and 14.7 mm2, respectively (P = 0.0002). One patient dropped out of the study, complaining of lack of treatment efficacy; he was found to be randomized to the placebo group. There were no adverse effects. CONCLUSION: In this placebo-controlled, double-blind study LEPT was an effective modality for the treatment of venous leg ulcers.

Dermatol Surg 1998 Dec 24(12) 1383-6

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9865208

Comparison of the effect of multi-wavelength light produced by a cluster of semiconductor diodes and of each individual diode on mast cell number and degranulation in intact and injured skin.

el Sayed SO, Dyson M

Anatomy Department, United Medical School, Guy’s Hospital, London, England.

Intact skin and partial thickness wounds in adult male Wistar rats were irradiated by pulsed, monochromatic light of different spectral wavelength peaks simultaneously and the effects on mast cell number and degranulation were assessed. The light was produced by a Biotherapy 3ML (Omega Universal Technologies) device utilizing a 21 semiconductor diode cluster probe emitting 6 different wavelengths in the red and near infrared part of the spectrum simultaneously, only one of the wavelengths (820 nm) being coherent. The duration of treatment was 4 minutes. The average power density, distributed over the surface area of the probe (19.62 cm2) was 45 mW/cm2. The average energy density at the wound site was 10.8 J/cm2. The effect of each of the wavelengths incorporated in the cluster probe was then examined separately. The average power density for each single probe was 120 mW/cm2, except for the 820 nm diode which was 400 mW/cm2. The average energy density was maintained at 10.8 J/cm2 as with the cluster probe. After 2 hours the rats were killed and the skin was removed, processed for light microscopy, and stained with toluidine blue to identify the mast cells. The numbers of the intact and degranulated mast cells were counted in 100 high power fields (i.e., over a total area of 20 mm2) in each irradiated specimen and compared to the sham-irradiated and untreated groups. To avoid bias, the slides examined were coded and evaluated blind. In intact skin, the cluster probe irradiation was followed by a statistically significant increase in the total number of mast cells compared to the sham-irradiated group, but the percentage of the degranulated mast cells was not affected. In the partial thickness wound, the cluster probe irradiation was also followed by a statistically significant increase in the total number of mast cells compared to the sham-irradiated group; however, there was, in addition, a significant increase in the percentage of degranulated mast cells. Concerning the single probes, only the 660, 820, 940, and 950 nm wavelength emitters produced statistically significant increases in both mast cell number and degranulation in partial thickness wounds. However, when intact skin was irradiated with probes emitting these wavelengths, although the total number of mast cells was increased significantly, there was no change in degranulation compared with the sham-irradiated group. The effects observed were less than those of the cluster probe. No significant differences were found between the 870 and 880 nm wavelength-irradiated, sham-irradiated, and untreated groups in either intact or injured skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Lasers Surg Med 1990 10(6) 559-68

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2263155

Macrophage responsiveness to light therapy.

Young S, Bolton P, Dyson M, Harvey W, Diamantopoulos C

Anatomy Department, United Medical School, Guy’s Hospital, London, England.

Macrophages are a source of many important mediators of wound repair. It was the purpose of this study to see if light could stimulate the release of these mediators. In this study an established macrophage-like cell line (U-937) was used. The cells were exposed in culture to the following wavelengths of light: 660 nm, 820 nm, 870 nm, and 880 nm. The 820-nm source was coherent and polarised, and the others were non-coherent. Twelve hours after exposure the macrophage supernatant was removed and placed on 3T3 fibroblast cultures. Fibroblast proliferation was assessed over a 5-day period. The results showed that 660-nm, 820-nm, and 870-nm wavelengths encouraged the macrophages to release factors that stimulated fibroblast proliferation above the control levels, whereas the 880-nm wavelength either inhibited the release of these factors or encouraged the release of some inhibitory factors of fibroblast proliferation. These results suggest that light at certain wavelengths may be a useful therapeutic agent by providing a means of either stimulating or inhibiting fibroblast proliferation where necessary. At certain wavelengths coherence is not essential.

Lasers Surg Med 1989 9(5) 497-505

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2811573

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