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THOR on YouTubeThirty-Three new LLLT papers for you this month including; pretreatment of untrained runners in which LLLT increased performance and reduced oxidative damage, yet another trial on oral mucositis (that is now 14 RCTs according to my calculations), this time using LED extra-orally to cheeks and throat tissues on children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a paper published on LED treatment of cellulite applied during treadmill training claims reduced saddlebag and thigh circumference (controlled, but not a randomised or blinded study).
There is also an in-vitro study on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with 810nm laser and its effect on NF-kB (from Harvard). This is important – we all need to learn more about NF-kB, because it governs many cellular functions (including inflammation and cell death); and they found that NF-kB can be stimulated by light induced ROS to protect healthy cells. You may also have heard that oxidative stress (caused by ROS) can also be reversed by treatment with LLLT, how weird is that! This is easily explained but I’m not going to entertain you with it now – come on a THOR training course or attend my introductory session at NAALT 22nd – 24th Sept, Milwaukee, USA and you will begin to understand how this major LLLT mechanism can be triggered, what irradiation parameters work best to achieve this and the vast clinical benefits that result for your patients.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in human progressive-intensity running: effects on exercise performance, skeletal muscle status, and oxidative stress.
De Marchi T, Leal Junior EC, Bortoli C, Tomazoni SS, Lopes-Martins RA, Salvador M
Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getulio Vargas, 1130, 950070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on exercise performance, oxidative stress, and muscle status in humans. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed with 22 untrained male volunteers. LLLT (810 nm, 200 mW, 30 J in each site, 30 s of irradiation in each site) using a multi-diode cluster (with five spots – 6 J from each spot) at 12 sites of each lower limb (six in quadriceps, four in hamstrings, and two in gastrocnemius) was performed 5 min before a standardized progressive-intensity running protocol on a motor-drive treadmill until exhaustion. We analyzed exercise performance (VO(2 max), time to exhaustion, aerobic threshold and anaerobic threshold), levels of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the markers of muscle damage creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Compared to placebo, active LLLT significantly increased exercise performance (VO(2 max) p = 0.01; time to exhaustion, p = 0.04) without changing the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. LLLT also decreased post-exercise lipid (p = 0.0001) and protein (p = 0.0230) damages, as well as the activities of SOD (p = 0.0034), CK (p = 0.0001) and LDH (p = 0.0001) enzymes. LLLT application was not able to modulate CAT activity. The use of LLLT before progressive-intensity running exercise increases exercise performance, decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage, suggesting that the modulation of the redox system by LLLT could be related to the delay in skeletal muscle fatigue observed after the use of LLLT.
Lasers Med Sci 2011 Jul 8
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Amelioration of oral mucositis pain by NASA near-infrared light-emitting diodes in bone marrow transplant patients.
Hodgson BD, Margolis DM, Salzman DE, Eastwood D, Tarima S, Williams LD, Sande JE, Vaughan WP, Whelan HT
Pediatric Dentistry, Marquette University School of Dentistry, 1801 W. Wisconsin Ave., Rm. 326, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA, brian.hodgson@marquette.edu.
PURPOSE: This study seeks to investigate the use of extra-orally applied near-infrared phototherapy for the reduction of oral pain secondary to chemotherapy- and radiation therapy-induced mucositis in adult and pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. METHODS: Eighty HSCT patients were divided into regular (R) and low (L) risk groups, then to experimental (E) and placebo (P) groups, resulting in four groups (ER, EL, PR, PL). Experimental subjects received 670 (+/-10) nm gallium-aluminum-arsinide light-emitting diode device for 80 s at approximately 50 mW/cm(2) energy density and power exposure of 4 J/cm(2). Placebo patients received the same procedures, but with a placebo phototherapy (identical device but
Support Care Cancer 2011 Jul 3
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New treatment of cellulite with infrared-LED illumination applied during high-intensity treadmill training.
Paolillo FR, Borghi-Silva A, Parizotto NA, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS
Optics Group from Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP) , Brazil.
Abstract Phototherapy improves cellular activation which is an important factor for the treatment of cellulite. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate the effects of a new (noninvasive and nonpharmacological) clinical procedure to improve body aesthetics: infrared-LED (850 nm) plus treadmill training. Twenty women (25-55 years old) participated in this study. They were separated in two groups: the control group, which carried out only the treadmill training (n = 10), and the LED group, with phototherapy during the treadmill training (n = 10). The training was performed for 45 minutes twice a week over 3 months at intensities between 85% and 90% maximal heart rate (HR(max)). The irradiation parameters were 39 mW/cm(2) and a fluence of 106 J/cm(2). The treatment was evaluated by interpreting body composition parameters, photographs and thermography. This was primarily a treatment for cellulite with a reduction of saddlebag and thigh circumference. At the same time, the treadmill training prevented an increase of body fat, as well as the loss of lean mass. Moreover, thermal images of the temperature modification of the thighs are presented. These positive effects can result in a further improvement of body aesthetics using infrared-LED together with treadmill training.
J Cosmet Laser Ther 2011 Aug 13(4) 166-71
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Low level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Chen, Aaron Chih-Hao; Arany, Praveen R.; Huang, Ying-Ying; Tomkinson, Elizabeth M.; Saleem, Taimur; Yull, Fiona E.; Blackwell, Timothy S.; Hamblin, Michael R.
Harvard University–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
Despite over forty years of investigation on low-level light therapy (LLLT), the fundamental mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation remain unclear. In this study, we isolated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from transgenic NF-kB luciferase reporter mice and studied their response to 810-nm laser radiation. Significant activation of NFkB was observed for fluences higher than 0.003 J/cm[superscript 2]. NF-kB activation by laser was detectable at 1-hour time point. Moreover, we demonstrated that laser phosphorylated both IKK alpha/beta and NF-kB 15 minutes after irradiation, which implied that laser activates NF-kB via phosphorylation of IKK alpha/beta. Suspecting mitochondria as the source of NF-kB activation signaling pathway, we demonstrated that laser increased both intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorescence microscopy with dichlorodihydrofluorescein and ATP synthesis by luciferase assay. Mitochondrial inhibitors, such as antimycin A, rotenone and paraquat increased ROS and NF-kB activation but had no effect on ATP. The ROS quenchers N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid abrogated laser-induced NF-kB and ROS but not ATP. These results suggested that ROS might play an important role in the signaling pathway of laser induced NF-kB activation. However, the western blot showed that antimycin A, a mitochondrial inhibitor, did not activate NF-kB via serine phosphorylation of IKK alpha/beta as the laser did. On the other hand, LLLT, unlike mitochondrial inhibitors, induced increased cellular ATP levels, which indicates that light also upregulates mitochondrial respiration. ATP upregulation reached a maximum at 0.3 J/cm[superscript 2] or higher. We conclude that LLLT not only enhances mitochondrial respiration, but also activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kB by generating ROS as signaling molecules.
PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22453. Epub 2011 Jul 21
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21814580&cmd=DetailsSearch
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[Endonasal phototherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis].
Demirbas D, Aksoy E, Polat S, Serin G, Unal OF, Tanyeri H
Department of Otolaryngology, Acibadem Etiler Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey. duydemir@yahoo.com.
OBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the effect of endonasal phototherapy on quality of life, nasal obstruction and the other symptoms in allergic rhinitis with visual analog scale (VAS), sinonasal outcome test-20 (SNOT-20), and acoustic rhinometry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients (6 males, 18 females; mean age 41.3+/-13.0 years; range 20 to 60 years) suffering allergic rhinitis refractory to anti allergic drugs for at least two years were enrolled in the study. Each patient underwent a total of six sessions of endonasal phototherapy with Rhinolight (Rhinolight Ltd, Szeged, Hungary) performed three times a week for two weeks. During course of the investigation, additional therapy was not applied to any of the patients. Before and one month after treatment, patients completed visual analog scale and SNOT-20 forms and nasal obstruction was evaluated with acoustic rhinometry. RESULTS: After the treatment, the mean VAS score and the mean total SNOT-20 score were found lower than the results before the therapy (p=0.0001, p=0.0001). A significant decrease was found in the scores of sneezing, nasal discharge, postnasal drainage, coughing after treatment (p=0.0001). During objective evaluation of nasal obstruction with acoustic rhinometry, no statistically significant difference was found between pre- and post-treatment findings. CONCLUSION: Endonasal phototherapy is an effective modality in the treatment of symptomatology in allergic rhinitis patients refractory to antiallergic drugs. It is detected that endonasal phototherapy has positive effects on the quality of life. However, no effect on nasal obstruction was found with acoustic rhinometry which is an objective method.
Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 2011 Jul-Aug 21(4) 198-203
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The Effects of Low-Level Laser Light Exposure on Sperm Motion Characteristics and DNA Damage.
Firestone R, Esfandiari N, Moskovtsev SI, Burstein E, Videna GT, Librach C, Bentov Y, Casper RF
Objective: To determine the effects of low-level laser light exposure on the motility of spermatozoa and on DNA damage. Methods: Thirty-three semen samples were collected for routine analysis and were classified as normospermic, oligospermic, or asthenospermic. After routine semen analysis was performed residual semen was divided into treated and control aliquots. Treated samples were exposed to a 30 second infrared laser pulse of 50 mW/cm(2) at 905 nm, a wavelength thought to increase light sensitive cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Samples were then incubated at 37 degrees C and aliquots analyzed at 30 minutes and 2 hours using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). After incubation, 250 microL of each sample was frozen at -80 degrees C until DNA fragmentation analysis by flow cytometry. Results: A significant increase in motility, most prominent in oligospermic and asthenospermic samples (85% increase), was observed 30 minutes after the treatment (p
J Androl 2011 Jul 14
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Genome-wide gene expression study indicates the anti-inflammatory effect of polarized light in recurrent childhood respiratory disease.
Falus A, Fenyo M, Eder K, Madarasi A
Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary, faland@dgci.sote.hu.
OBJECTIVES: The clinical and molecular effects of whole-body polarized light treatment on children suffering from recurrent respiratory infection were studied. METHODS: The incidence and duration of respiratory symptoms as well as the length of appropriate antibiotic therapy were measured. Simultaneously, the genome-wide gene expression pattern was examined by whole genome cDNA microarray in peripheral lymphocytes of children. RESULTS: Twenty of 25 children showed a marked clinical improvement, while in five of 25 had poor response or no changes. The gene expression pattern of the patients’ peripheral lymphocytes was compared in favorable and poor responders. The lymphocytes of the children with a documented improved clinical response to polarized light therapy showed a decrease in the expression of chemokine genes, such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and IL-8, and in that of the TNFalpha gene. On the contrary, a rapid elevation was found in the expression of the gene encoding for CYP4F2, a leukotriene B4-metabolizing enzyme. In children with poor clinical response to polarized light therapy, no similar changes were detected in the gene expression pattern of the lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The improved clinical symptoms and modified gene expression profile of lymphocytes reveals an anti-inflammatory effect of whole-body polarized light irradiation.
Inflamm Res 2011 Jul 10
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Quality appraisal of clinical practice guidelines on the use of physiotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.
Hurkmans EJ, Jones A, Li LC, Vliet Vlieland TP
Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Vancouver, Canada, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil and Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Objective. To assess the quality of guidelines published in peer-reviewed literature concerning the role of physiotherapy in the management of patients with RA. Methods. A systematic literature search for clinical practice guidelines that included physiotherapy interventions was performed in four electronic databases. We assessed the quality of the selected guidelines using the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation (AGREE) instrument. In addition, the recommendations of guidelines with the highest quality scores were summarized. Results. Eight clinical practice guidelines fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Scope/purpose was the most often adequately addressed AGREE domain (in seven of the eight guidelines) and applicability the least (in two of the eight guidelines). Based on the AGREE domain scores, six guidelines could be recommended or strongly recommended for clinical use. Five out of these six (strongly) recommended guidelines included a recommendation on exercise therapy and/or patient education, with these interventions being recommended in every case. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and thermotherapy were recommended in four of these six guidelines. US, thermotherapy, low-level laser therapy, massage, passive mobilization and balneotherapy were addressed in one or two of these six guidelines. Conclusion. Six of eight clinical practice guidelines addressing physiotherapy interventions were recommended or strongly recommended according to the AGREE instrument. In general, guideline recommendations on physiotherapy intervention, from both the recommended guidelines as well as from the not recommended guidelines, lacked detail concerning mode of delivery, intensity, frequency and duration.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011 Jul 9
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Recurrent herpes simplex infections: laser therapy as a potential tool for long-term successful treatment.
Ferreira DC, Reis HL, Cavalcante FS, Santos KR, Passos MR
Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 are the main infectious agents associated with oral and genital ulcerations. These infections are now widely recognized as sexually transmitted diseases. Among treatment options, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has shown promising clinical results as a longer-lasting suppression therapy. Two clinical cases are described with recurrent labial herpes for which LLLT was used. Following treatment, both patients remained symptom free during the 17-month clinical follow-up period.
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011 Jun 44(3) 397-9
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Stability of dental implants after irradiation with an 830-nm low-level laser: a double-blind randomized clinical study.
Garcia-Morales JM, Tortamano-Neto P, Todescan FF, de Andrade JC Jr, Marotti J, Zezell DM
FUNDECTO, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, 05508-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, joellemg@gmail.com.
Little is known about the benefits of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on improvement of stability of dental implants. The aim of this randomized clinical study was to assess the LLLT effect on implants stability by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Thirty implants were distributed bilaterally in the posterior mandible of eight patients. At the experimental side, the implants were submitted to LLLT (830 nm, 86 mW, 92.1 J/cm(2), 0.25 J, 3 s/point, at 20 points), and on the control side, the irradiation was simulated (placebo). The first irradiation was performed in the immediate postoperative period, and it was repeated every 48 h in the first 14 days. The initial implant stability quotient (ISQ) of the implants was measured by means of RFA. New ISQ measurements were made after 10 days, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The initial ISQ values ranged from 65-84, with a mean of 76, undergoing a significant drop in stability from the 10th day to the 6th week in the irradiated group, and presenting a gradual increase from the 6th to the 12th week. The highest ISQ values were observed on the 10th day in the irradiated group, and the lowest in the 6th week in both groups. Under the conditions of this study, no evidence was found of any effect of LLLT on the stability of the implants when measured by RFA. Since high primary stability and good bone quality are of major relevancy for a rigid bone-implant interface, additional LLLT may have little impact macroscopically.
Lasers Med Sci 2011 Jul 6
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Is sham laser a valid control for acupuncture trials?
Irnich D, Salih N, Offenbacher M, Fleckenstein J
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 8A, 80336 Munich, Germany.
Methodological problems of acupuncture trials focus on adequate placebo controls. In this trial we evaluated the use of sham laser acupuncture as a control procedure. Thirty-four healthy volunteers received verum laser (invisible infrared laser emission and red light, 45 s and 1 J per point) and sham laser (red light) treatment at three acupuncture points (LI4, LU7 and LR3) in a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over design. The main outcome measure was the ratio of correct to incorrect ratings of treatment immediately after each session. The secondary outcome measure was the occurrence of deqi-like sensations at the acupuncture points and their intensity on a 10-fold visual analog scale (VAS; 10 being the strongest sensible sensation). We pooled the results of three former trials to evaluate the credibility of sham laser acupuncture when compared to needle acupuncture. Fifteen out of 34 (44%) healthy volunteers (age: 28 +/- 10.7 years) identified the used laser device after the first session and 14 (41%) after the second session. Hence, both treatments were undistinguishable (P = .26). Deqi-like sensations occurred in 46% of active laser (2.34 VAS) and in 49.0% of sham laser beams (2.49 VAS). The credibility of sham laser was not different from needle acupuncture. Sham laser acupuncture can serve as a valid placebo control in laser acupuncture studies. Due to similar credibility and the lack of sensory input on the peripheral nervous system, sham laser acupuncture can also serve as a sham control for acupuncture trials, in order to evaluate needling effects per se.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011 2011 485945
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Scleroderma and Raynaud’s Phenomenon Improve with High-Peak Power Laser Therapy: A Case Report.
St Surin-Lord S, Obagi S
Department of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia Department of Dermatology Department of Dermatology, Cosmetic Surgery, and Skin Health Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Dermatol Surg 2011 Jul 25
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Low-level laser therapy improves skeletal muscle performance, decreases skeletal muscle damage and modulates mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner.
de Almeida P, Lopes-Martins RA, Tomazoni SS, Junior JA, de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho P, Bjordal JM, Leal EC Junior
Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP – Brazil. Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP – Brazil. Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen – Norway.
We tested if modulation in mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 can be related to protective effects of phototherapy in skeletal muscle. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups receiving either one of four laser doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 J) or a no-treatment control group. Laser irradiation (904 nm, 15 mW average power) was performed immediately before the first contraction for treated groups. Electrical stimulation was used to induce six tetanic tibial anterior muscle contractions. Immediately after sixth contraction, blood samples were collected in order to evaluate CK activity and muscles were dissected and frozen in liquid nitrogen in order to evaluate mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2. The 1.0 J and 3.0 J groups showed significant enhancement (p
Photochem Photobiol 2011 Jul 12
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Effect of LED Red and IR Photobiomodulation in Tongue Mast Cells in Wistar Rats:Histological Study.
de Carvalho Monteiro JS, de Oliveira SC, de Fatima Ferreira Lima M, Sousa JA, Pinheiro AL, Dos Santos JN
1 Center of Biophotonics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .
Abstract Objective: This article aimed to study the effect of LED Phototherapy (LED-PHT) (lambda630 nm or lambda850 nm) on mast cells on the dorsum of the tongue of rodents. Background Data: Vasodilatation is one of the reported effects of laser light on tissues. Laser light is able to induce the release of mediators responsible for vasodilatation, such as those produced by mast cells. Mast cells are also related to some diseases such as hay fever. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: I, Control; II, IR-LED (lambda850 nm, 21.9 J/cm(2), 73 sec; and III, red-LED (lambda630 nm, 21.9 J/cm(2), 73 sec). The specimens were taken after, 20, 45, and 60 min following irradiation. The specimens were routinely processed; stained with toluidine blue; and then total, degranulated, and non-degranulated mast cells were counted and statistical analysis performed. Results: Both LED irradiated subjects showed significant difference when compared to the control subjects on the total number mast cells (p
Photomed Laser Surg 2011 Jul 26
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Photobiomodulation, Tissue Effects and Bystanders.
Lanzafame RJ
Raymond J Lanzafame, M.D., PLLC , Rochester, New York.
Photomed Laser Surg 2011 Jul 18
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In Vitro Evaluation of Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine Nanoemulsion and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Human Skin Dermal Equivalents and Bone Marrow MesenchymalStem Cells.
Primo FL, da Costa Reis MB, Porcionatto MA, Tedesco AC
Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineers, Photobiology and Photomedicine research Group, FFCLRP- Sao Paulo University, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. atedesco@usp.br.
Nanotechnology and tissue engineering are promising scientific fields in the development of advanced materials useful to human health. This article describes the preparation of a nanocarrier for the controlled release of a photosensitizer compound associated with low-level light therapy for skin wound healing treatment and applicable to other skin diseases. A biological model was used as an in vitro skin equivalent based on a three-dimensional culture of fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells and denominated by dermal equivalent (DE). Results show that it is possible to use the photomodulation process to control the wound healing in a scratching process and to induce the biomolecules release, both of which are related with the inflammatory wound healing process. In the studies, the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression from zymography analyses were evaluated. All results showed a dependence on enzymatic activity relating to lowlevel laser applications which indicates a potential application in wound healing processes based on phototherapy and nanotechnology.
Curr Med Chem 2011 Jul 4
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Effects of the Lexington LaserComb on hair regrowth in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata.
Wikramanayake TC, Rodriguez R, Choudhary S, Mauro LM, Nouri K, Schachner LA, Jimenez JJ
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RSMB 2023A, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease that presents with non-scarring alopecia. It is characterized by intra- or peri-follicular lymphocytic infiltrates composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells on histology. To this day, few treatments are effective for AA. Here we present findings of using a low-level laser comb to alleviate the symptoms of AA in a C3H/HeJ mouse model for AA. Fourteen C3H/HeJ mice with induced AA were used in this study. Two were killed to confirm AA through histology. The remaining 12 mice were randomized into two groups; group I received HairMax LaserComb (wavelength: 655 nm, beam diameter
Lasers Med Sci 2011 Jul 9
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Phototherapy with low-level laser affects the remodeling of types I and III collagen in skeletal muscle repair.
de Souza TO, Mesquita DA, Ferrari RA, Dos Santos Pinto D Jr, Correa L, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KP, Martins MD
Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho – UNINOVE, 612, Avenida Francisco Matarazzo, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP: 05001-100, Brazil, thais.oricchio@terra.com.br.
The purpose of this article was to analyze the photobiomodulator role of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the skeletal muscle remodeling following cryoinjury in rats, focusing the types I and III collagen proteins. Laser phototherapy has been employed to stimulate repair in different tissues. However, its role in skeletal muscle remodeling is not yet well clarified, especially its effect on the collagen component of the extracellular matrix. Fifty adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, sham, cryoinjury, and laser-treated cryoinjury. Laser irradiation was performed three times a week on the injured region using the InGaAlP (indium-gallium-aluminum-phosphorous) laser (660 nm; beam spot of 0.04 cm(2), output power of 20 mW, power density of 0.5 mW/cm(2), energy density of 5 J/cm(2), 10-s exposure time, with a total energy dose of 0.2 J). Five animals were killed after short-term (days 1 and 7) and long-term (14 and 21) durations following injury. The muscles were processed and submitted to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining. The histological slices were analyzed qualitatively, semi-quantitatively, and quantitatively. The data were submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The qualitative analysis of morphological aspects revealed that the muscle repair were very similar in cryoinjury and laser groups on days 1, 14 and 21. However, at 7 days, differences could be observed because there was a reduction in myonecrosis associated to formation of new vessels (angiogenesis) in the laser-treated group. The analysis of the distribution of types I and III collagen, on day 7, revealed a significant increase in the depositing of these proteins in the laser-treated group when compared to the cryoinjury group. InGaAlP diode laser within the power parameters and conditions tested had a biostimulatory effect at the regenerative and fibrotic phases of the skeletal muscle repairs, by promoting angiogenesis, reducing myonecrosis, and inducing types I and III collagen synthesis, following cryoinjury in rat.
Lasers Med Sci 2011 Jul 15
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Influence of Laser Phototherapy (lambda660 nm) on the Outcome of Oral Chemical Carcinogenesis on the Hamster Cheek Pouch Model: Histological Study.
de C Monteiro JS, Pinheiro AL, de Oliveira SC, Aciole GT, Sousa JA, Cangussu MC, Dos Santos JN
1 Center of Biophotonics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Brazil .
Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate, histologically, the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (lambda660 nm) on DMBA chemically induced lesions of the oral mucosa of hamsters. Background data: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common neoplasm of the oral cavity. It is aggressive, highly proliferative, invasive, and metastatic. There is evidence that LLLT similarly affects neoplasic and non-neoplasic cells. Methods: Cancerous lesions were induced on the cheek pouch of 15 golden Syrian hamsters by using DMBA 3 times a week for 8 weeks. At the end of the cancer induction (8 weeks), animals of G1 were killed and the presence of tumors confirmed. Animals of G3 were irradiated (lambda660 nm, 30 mW, CW, O=3 mm, area: 0.07 cm(2), 424 mW/cm(2), 133 sec, 56.4 J/cm(2), 4 J) at every other day for 4 weeks. G2 received no interventions for the same period. Samples were taken and underwent histological analysis by light microscopy. Results: GI showed 100% well-differentiated SCC. G2 showed 20% moderately differentiated and 80% well-differentiated SCC. G3 showed 40% well-differentiated, 40% poorly differentiated, and 20% moderately differentiated SCC. Significant differences (p=0.02) in the amount of well-differentiated SCC were seen between G1 and G3 and between G3 and G2 (p=0.04). Significant difference was also seen between G3 and G1 and G2 regarding the number of poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.04). Conclusions: It is concluded that LLLT, within the parameters specified in the present study, caused a significant progression of the severity of SCC in the oral cavity of hamsters.
Photomed Laser Surg 2011 Jun 30
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Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Oxidative Metabolism and Matrix Proteins in the Rat Masseter Muscle.
Dias FJ, Issa JP, Vicentini FT, Fonseca MJ, Leao JC, Siessere S, Regalo SC, Iyomasa MM
1 Department of Morphology, Stomatology, and Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo , Ribeirao Preto, Brazil .
Abstract Objective: This study aims to analyze the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the oxidative activity and the expression/activity of metalloproteinases of the masseter muscle. Background data: Currently in dentistry LLLT has been used on patients with muscular disorders, such as the temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) but its effect at the cellular level has not been fully elucidated. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats divided into 6 groups (n=5) received 10 laser irradiations (780 nm, 5 mmW, CW laser, illuminated area 0.04 cm(2), power density 125 mW/cm(2)), with different energy densities (group I-0; group II-0.5; group III-1.0; group IV-2.5; group V-5.0; and group VI-20 J/cm(2)). Muscles were processed for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH) and sucinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and zymography. The photomicrographs were evaluated by the point counting method using a test system and ImageJ software; and by the ANOVA statistical test. The proteinases’ secretion/activity was qualitatively analyzed by zymography. Results: LLLT significantly increased (p
Photomed Laser Surg 2011 Jul 11
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A preliminary study of hardness and modulus of elasticity in sheep mandibles submitted to distraction osteogenesis and low-level laser therapy.
Freddo AL, Hubler R, de Castro-Beck CA, Heitz C, de Oliveira MG
Av. Cel. Lucas de Oliveira, 841/203, Bairro Petropolis CEP 90460-001 – Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, gerhardtoliveira@gmail.com.
Objectives: To investigate the quality of newly formed bone in sheep mandibles submitted to distraction osteogenesis and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), based on hardness and modulus of elasticity values. The ideal moment for laser application (during the latency/activation period vs. during the bone consolidation period) was also evaluated. Computed tomography imaging was used to assess relapse as a result of early device removal. Study design: Extraoral distraction devices were placed in five sheep so as to achieve 1.5 cm of lengthened bone in 60 days. Distraction devices were removed 50, 40, and 33 days after surgery. Four animals were treated with LLLT, at different times, and one was used as control (no LLLT). Results: When applied during the bone consolidation period, LLLT caused an increase in hardness and modulus of elasticity values. On the other hand, animals irradiated with LLLT during the latency/activation period presented a delay in bone healing. A period of consolidation of 13 days (early device removal) was associated with relapse. Conclusions: Nanoindentation tests were able to detect slight abnormalities in bone metabolism and proved to be important tools for the assessment of bone quality following distraction osteogenesis. LLLT provided increased benefits when applied during the bone consolidation period, once it promoted an increase in hardness and modulus of elasticity values. According to our results, the bone consolidation period should be of at least 3 weeks, so as to prevent relapse.
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011 Jul 15
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Influence of low-level laser therapy on wound healing in nicotine-treated animals.
Garcia VG, Macarini VC, de Almeida JM, Bosco AF, Nagata MJ, Okamoto T, Longo M, Theodoro LH
Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Division of Periodontics, Univ Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, vgouveia@foa.unesp.br.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been shown to have several biological effects that favor the healing process, and nicotine has been shown to delay the healing process. In this study we investigated the healing of open wounds created on the back of rats treated with nicotine with or without LLLT. Of 115 animals, 59 received subcutaneous injections of saline solution, and the others received subcutaneous injections of nicotine (3 mg/kg body weight), twice a day throughout the study period. After 30 days, skin wounds were created on the back of the animals. The animals receiving saline injections were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1, n = 29), in which the wounds were left untreated, and group 2 (G2, n = 30), in which the wounds were treated with LLLT (GaAlAs, 660 nm, 30 mW, 5.57 J/cm(2) per point, 0.39 J, 13 s per point, 0.42 W/cm(2)). The animals receiving nicotine injections were also divided into two groups: group 3 (G3, n = 29), in which the wounds were left untreated, and group 4 (G4, n = 27), in which the wounds were treated with LLLT. The animals were killed 3, 7 or 14 days after surgery. Wound healing was evaluated histologically both qualitatively and semiquantitatively. Wounds of G2 showed a delay in epithelial migration and connective tissue organization compared to those of G1. Wounds of G2 showed faster healing than those of G1; similarly, wounds of G4 showed more advanced healing than those of G3. LLLT acted as a biostimulatory coadjuvant agent balancing the undesirable effects of nicotine on wound tissue healing.
Lasers Med Sci 2011 Jul 13
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Effect of CO2 Laser Irradiation on Hormesis Induction in Human Pulp and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts.
Iwasaka K, Hemmi E, Tomita K, Ishihara S, Katayama T, Sakagami H
Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan. iwasaka@dent.meikai.ac.jp/sakagami@dent.meikai.ac.jp.
BACKGROUND: We have recently reported that a low level of CO(2) laser irradiation induced growth stimulation (hormesis) of both human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-2), but the extent of hormetic response was much smaller than that previously reported for toxicants and radiation in other experimental systems. Here we investigated the extent of hormetic response induced by CO(2) laser irradiation in human pulp cells (HPCs) and periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HPC and HPLF cells were established from the periodontal tissues of the first premolar extracted tooth. Cells were cultured for 24, 48 or 72 hours after exposure to various irradiation powers, and the viable cell number was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. RESULTS: CO(2) laser irradiation induced biphasic effects on the growth of both HPC and HPLF cells. The maximum hormetic response was less than 50%. The hormetic response was found within the energy density of 7.98-79.77 J/cm(2), and cytotoxicity emerged at powers over 132.96 J/cm(2). Combining with our previous report, HPCs showed the highest hormetic response, followed by HPLFs and then HGFs. Both HPLFs and HGFs showed similar time-course of hormesis response, increasing response with incubation time. CONCLUSION: The hormetic response may be the common survival mechanism by which cells escape from radiation-induced injury. Higher hormetic response of HPCs may reflect their potential for differentiation into one of the components in dentin.
In Vivo 2011 Sep-Oct 25(5) 787-93
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Influence of low-level laser associated with osteogenic proteins recombinant human BMP-2 and Hevea brasiliensis on bone repair in Wistar rats.
Iyomasa MM, Mardegan Issa JP, de Queiroz Tavares ML, Lara Pereira YC, Sasso Stuani MB, Mishima F, Coutinho-Netto J, Sebald W
Departamento de Morfologia, Estomatologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe S/N, CEP: 14040-904, Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, SP. mamieiyo@forp.usp.br.
This study analyzed the newly formed bone tissue after application of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) and P-1 (extracted from Hevea brasiliensis) proteins, 2 weeks after the creation of a critical bone defect in male Wistar rats treated or not with a low-intensity laser (GaAlAs 780 nm, 60 mW of power, and energy density dose of 30 J/cm(2) ). The animals were divided into two major groups: (1) bone defect plus low-intensity laser treatment and (2) bone defect without laser irradiation. The following subgroups were also analyzed: (a) 5 mug of pure rhBMP-2; (b) 5 mug of pure P-1 fraction; (c) 5 mug of rhBMP-2/monoolein gel; (d) 5 mug of P-1 fraction/monoolein gel; (e) pure monoolein gel. Comparisons of the groups receiving laser treatment with those that did not receive laser irradiation show differences in the areas of new bone tissue. The group treated with 5 mug of rhBMP-2 and laser irradiation was not significantly different (P >0.05) than the nonirradiated group that received the same treatment. The irradiated, rhBMP-2/monoolein gel treatment group showed a lower area of bone formation than the nonirradiated, rhBMP-2/gel monoolein treatment group (P < 0.001). The area of new bone tissue in the other nonirradiated and irradiated groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the group that received the 5 mug of rhBMP-2 application showed the greatest bone formation. We conclude that the laser treatment did not interfere with the area of new bone tissue growth and that the greatest stimulus for bone formation involved application of the rhBMP-2 protein. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. (c) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microsc Res Tech 2011 Jul 14
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Effect of 980-nm GaAlAs diode laser irradiation on healing of extraction sockets in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a pilot study.
Park JJ, Kang KL
Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea.
Low-level laser irradiation can promote the healing process in soft and hard tissue but the precise mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of LLLT (low-level laser therapy) on the healing of extraction sockets in diabetic and healthy rats. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal (n = 24) and diabetic (n = 24) rats, and streptozotocin (STZ) injection was used to induce diabetes in the latter. The left and right maxillary first molars of all the rats were extracted. In the non-diabetic rats, the left extraction sockets were not irradiated (group 1) and the right ones were irradiated daily for 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after extraction with a galium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser (group 2), and in the diabetic rats, similarly the left ones were not irradiated (group 3) and the right ones were irradiated (group 4). Specimens acquired at these intervals were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Histological observations and gene expression analyses revealed that groups 2 (normal rats with LLLT) and 4 (diabetic rats with LLLT) showed faster initial healing and more new alveolar bone formation than group 1 (normal rats without LLLT) and group 3 (diabetic rats without LLLT), respectively. We conclude that 980-nm GaAlAs low-intensity diode laser irradiation is beneficial for the initial stages of alveolar bone healing and for further calcification in both diabetic and normal rats when applied every day at a dose of 13.95 J/cm(2) for 60 s.
Lasers Med Sci 2011 Jul 6
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Effect of low level laser therapy (660nm) on the healing of second degree skin burns in rats.
Renno AC, Iwama AM, Shima P, Fernandes KR, Carvalho JG, de Oliveira P, Ribeiro DA
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 660 nm laser on the healing of burn wounds made on the backs of rats. A total of 32 Wistar male rats were used. The animals were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 16 animals each: control group (burned rats without treatment) and laser treated group (burned rats treated with lasertherapy). Each group was divided into two different subgroups, euthanized in different periods (subgroup A: 7 days post-surgery and subgroup B: 14 days post-surgery). Histopathological analysis revealed a significant decrease in the necrosis area in the laser treated group comparing to the controls at days 7 and 14 post-injury. COX-2 positive cells were found in a strong pattern in group submitted to laser therapy after 7 days. Regarding VEGF immunomarker, a significant VEGF immunoexpression was detected in laser exposed group after 14 days when compared to negative control group. Taken together our results demonstrate that lasertherapy is able to promote skin repair of burned rats as a result of decreasing necrosis area and an up-regulation of COX-2 and VEGF immunoexpresion.
J Cosmet Laser Ther 2011 Jul 28
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GaAlAs Laser Irradiation Induces Active Tertiary Dentin Formation after Pulpal Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation in Rat Molars.
Shigetani Y, Sasa N, Suzuki H, Okiji T, Ohshima H
Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nigata, Japan.
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to clarify pulpal responses to gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser irradiation. METHODS: Maxillary first molars of 8-week-old rats were irradiated at an output power of 0.5 or 1.5 W for 180 seconds, and the samples were collected at intervals of 0 to 14 days. The demineralized paraffin sections were processed for immunohistochemistry for heat-shock protein (HSP)-25 and nestin in addition to cell proliferation assay using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and apoptosis assay using deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS: Intense HSP-25 and nestin immunoreactivities in the odontoblast layer were weakened immediately after 0.5-W irradiation and recovered on day 1, resulting in slight tertiary dentin formation by day 14. On the contrary, 1.5-W irradiation immediately induced the loss of HSP-25 and nestin-immunoreactivities in the odontoblast layer. On day 1, numerous TUNEL-positive cells appeared in a degenerative zone that was surrounded by intense HSP-25 immunoreactivity. BrdU-positive cells occurred within the intensely HSP-25-immunopositive areas during days 2 through 5, whereas TUNEL-positive cells gradually decreased in number by day 5. HSP-25- and nestin-positive odontoblast-like cells were arranged along the pulp-dentin border by day 7, resulting in remarkable tertiary dentin formation on day 14. CONCLUSIONS: The output energy determined pulpal healing patterns after GaAlAs laser irradiation; the higher energy induced the apoptosis in the affected dental pulp including odontoblasts followed by active cell proliferation in the intense HSP-25-immunoreactive areas surrounding the degenerative tissue, resulting in abundant tertiary dentin formation. Thus, the optimal GaAlAs laser irradiation elicited intentional tertiary dentin formation in the dental pulp.
J Endod 2011 Aug 37(8) 1086-91
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Effect of Sublethal CO(2) Laser Irradiation on Gene Expression of Streptococcus mutans Immobilized in a Biofilm.
Sol A, Feuerstein O, Featherstone JD, Steinberg D
Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
Streptococcus mutans colonizing on tooth surfaces is one of the major causative agents of human dental caries. Despite numerous studies conducted on lasers and oral tissue interactions, little is known about the effect of laser energy on S. mutans gene expression in a biofilm form. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sublethal energies of CO(2) laser on biofilm and gene expression of the oral bacteria S. mutans immobilized in biofilm. S. mutans biofilm was irradiated with CO(2) laser. Vitality and construction of the biofilm were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of laser irradiation on gene expression was evaluated by DNA microarray. CO(2) laser irradiation had a dose effect on the viability of S. mutans immobilized in biofilm. A nonsignificant lethal effect was observed at 31 J/cm(2) while at higher energy of 70 and 144 J/cm(2) an antibacterial effect was recorded. The mode of antibacterial action seems to be from the inner layers toward the outer layer of the biofilm, indicating the influence of the surface on the killing effect. At 31 J/cm(2), microarray analysis indicated a moderate effect on S. mutans gene expression due to CO(2) laser irradiation, mainly down-regulating genes related to bacterial stress response. In conclusion, laser irradiation at sublethal energy had an effect on gene expression of S. mutans.
Caries Res 2011 Jul 20 45(4) 361-369
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Effects of laser irradiation on arthritic histopathology and heat shock protein 70 expression in C57 black mice with osteoarthritis.
Zhao L, Shen XY, Cao YL, Wang LZ, Deng HP, Zhang HM
College of Acumox and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; E-mail: snowysh@hotmail.com.
Objective: To study the effects of three different laser treatments (650 nm alone, 10.6 mum alone and combined laser of 650 nm and 10.6 mum) on experimental osteoarthritis of the knees in C57 black mice. Methods: Sixty C57 black mice were divided randomly into 6 groups. Ten mice were assigned to a normal control group (no intervention) and the other 5 groups were subjected to a forced running regimen to induce osteoarthritis. One group was set as the model control group. The other 4 groups were given 90 s of a 650 nm laser, 90 s of a 10.6mum laser, 90 s of a combined laser, or a sham treatment on acupoint Dubi (ST35) of the rear left leg 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The modified Mankin score was used to evaluate the degree of cartilage degradation. Immunohistochemical staining for heat shock protein (HSP) 70 was conducted. Results: Mankin scores of the model control group and the sham control group were significantly higher than that of the normal control group (P
Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2011 Jul 9(7) 761-7
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Nanoscale heating of laser irradiated single gold nanoparticles in liquid.
Honda M, Saito Y, Smith NI, Fujita K, Kawata S
Biological applications where nanoparticles are used in a cell environment with laser irradiation are rapidly emerging. Investigation of the localized heating effect due to the laser irradiation on the particle is required to preclude unintended thermal effects. While bulk temperature rise can be determined using macroscale measurement methods, observation of the actual temperature within the nanoscale domain around the particle is difficult and here we propose a method to measure the local temperature around a single gold nanoparticle in liquid, using white light scattering spectroscopy. Using 40-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles coated with thermo-responsive polymer, we monitored the localized heating effect through the plasmon peak shift. The shift occurs due to the temperature-dependent refractive index change in surrounding polymer medium. The results indicate that the particle experiences a temperature rise of around 10 degrees Celsius when irradiated with tightly focused irradiation of ~1 mW at 532 nm.
Opt Express 2011 Jun 20 19(13) 12375-83
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He-Ne Laser-Induced Improvement in Biochemical, Physiological, Growth and Yield Characteristics in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).
Perveen R, Jamil Y, Ashraf M, Ali Q, Qbal MI, Ahmad MR
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Paksitan Laser spectroscopy Lab., Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
The water-soaked seeds of sunflower were exposed to low power continuous wave He-Ne laser irradiation of energies 0, 100, 300 and 500 mJ to evaluate the effect on various biochemical, physiological, growth and yield parameters of sunflower. The experiments which consisted of four replicates arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) were carried out under the greenhouse conditions. The physiological attributes like, photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), intrinsic CO(2) concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (g(s) ), chlorophyll “a” and “b” contents, relative membrane permeability and leaf water (psi(w) ), osmotic (psi(s) ) and turgor (psi(p) ) potentials, relative water contents and leaf area increased significantly as compared to control due to He-Ne treatment of seeds. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT and contents of total soluble proteins, malonidialdehyde (MDA), proline and leaf total phenolic also increased due to laser treatment. Significant increase in growth parameters of sunflower like shoot fresh and dry masses, root fresh and dry masses, root and shoot lengths, number of leaves per plant and stem diameter has also been observed. The contents of K, Ca and Mg in shoot and root were also increased and an overall increase of up to 28.12% was observed due to laser treatment.
Photochem Photobiol 2011 Jul 25
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Laser therapy in black skin.
Woolery-Lloyd H, Viera MH, Valins W
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
This article provides a systematic overview of laser, light, and other energy devices for patients of African descent. It also reviews complications in skin of color and some treatment options for these adverse events.
Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011 May 19(2) 405-16
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Coherence and Speckle in Photomedicine and Photobiology.
Zalevsky Z, Belkin M
1 School of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel.
Photomed Laser Surg 2011 Jul 12
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